Notes
n 215 Notes F O R E W O R D 1. Bini Adamczak, “The End of the End of History, and Why the Era of Revolutions Is Upon Us.” Popular Resistance, July 13, 2013, http://www.popularresistance.org/the-end-of-historyand -why-the-era-of-revolutions-is-upon-us/. I N T R O D U C T I O N 1. See, for example, Lewis (1966) on the “culture of poverty,” and the critique in Leacock (1971). 2. See the assessment of this claim in Douglass (2012). 3. Although the category of exclusion has not been a key concept in the canonical tradition of political theory, there are a number of relatively recent works that make the argument that it should be. See, for example, Cole (2000), and Williams and Macedo (2005). 4. The essays in Gutiérrez (2004) provide an excellent overview of the scope of these changes. 5. This paraphrases slightly the notion of politics advanced by the noted historian of political ideas Mulford Q. Sibley (1970, 1). 6. I trace the historical development of the particular way that the concept of foreignness has been applied to Latinos in chapter 3, drawing on a small but important literature on the political valence and modes of deploying the notion of foreignness. See, in particular, 216 n Notes Behdad (2005), Booth (1997), Harman (1988). I have also been influenced by some works on the related notion of the “stranger.” See Simmel (1950), Harman (1988), and Rundell (2004). 7. This has parallels and is suggested by the work of Paul Hirst (1994) on associative democracy, but focuses on the processes of membership and inclusion rather than Hirst’s emphasis on self-regulatory processes of democracy. 8. Examples of these political forms of contestation can be found in the case studies in Alvarez, Dagnino, and Escobar (1998). The idea of prefigurative rights claims as a precursor to broader demands for citizenship is suggested by Somers (1993, 1995). C H A P T E R 1 . F R A M I N G T H E Q U E S T I O N O F C I T I Z E N S H I P : M E M B E R S H I P, E X C L U S I O N A R Y I N C L U S I O N , A N D L AT I N O S I N T H E N AT I O N A L P O L I T I C A L I M A G I N A R Y 1. The literature documenting the wide array of contestations is vast, but for some of the more useful and widely cited works, see Acuña (1984, 2000), Almaguer (1994), Barrera (1979), Chavez (2008), Coutin (2003), De Leon (2002), Gómez (2007), Haney-Lopez (1996), Morín (2005), G. Martinez (1997), Montejano (1987), Román (2000–01). 2. For a basic but detailed discussion of Gramsci’s concept of hegemony and the role it plays in his overall theory, see Adamson (1980). 3. There is now an extensive literature on the development of new Latino communities throughout the country. For example, on the “new South,” see Smith and Furuseth (2006), Odem and Lacy (2009), and Lippard and Gallagher (2011). On the expansion of Latino communities and the issues they face, see Martinez (2011), and Millard and Chapa (2004). 4. Latinos now make up a majority of California’s public school students, with nearly 50.4 percent of students in the 2009–10 school year identifying themselves as Hispanic or Latino (Los Angeles Times, November 13, 2010). 5. See Acuña (2000) for an extensive history of the causes and consequences of these differences. 6. See Farley (1996) for a discussion of some of those changes through the 1990s. Since then, the trends he reviews regarding diversity, inequality, divisions, etc., have become even more pronounced. 7. Also see the essays in Craig Calhoun (1992) for a sense of the wide array of issues and interpretations that the idea of the public sphere has generated. It has had significant influence across many disciplines and literatures. 8. See Jean Cohen (1999a and 1999b) for another discussion that focuses on the distinction between the transformative and regulative roles of civil society. 9. The study of Latino electoral behavior is one of the mainstays of traditional approaches to Latino politics that replicate the set of...
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