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HmongAmericansinMichigan Discovering the Peoples of Michigan is a series of publications examining the state’s rich multicultural heritage. The series makes available an interesting, affordable, and varied collection of books that enables students and educated lay readers to explore Michigan’s ethnic dynamics. A knowledge of the state’s rapidly changing multicultural history has far-reaching implications for human relations, education, public policy, and planning. We believe that Discovering the Peoples of Michigan will enhance understanding of the unique contributions that diverse and often unrecognized communities have made to Michigan’s history and culture. discovering the peoples of michigan Russell M. Magnaghi, Series Editor Arthur W. Helweg and Linwood H. Cousins, Founding Editors Ethnicity in Michigan: Issues and People Jack Glazier and Arthur W. Helweg African Americans in Michigan Lewis Walker, Benjamin C. Wilson, Linwood H. Cousins Albanians in Michigan Frances Trix Amish in Michigan Gertrude Enders Huntington Arab Americans in Michigan Rosina J. Hassoun Asian Indians in Michigan Arthur W. Helweg Belgians in Michigan Bernard A. Cook Chaldeans in Michigan Mary C. Sengstock Copts in Michigan Eliot Dickinson Cornish in Michigan Russell M. Magnaghi Danes and Icelanders in Michigan Howard L. Nicholson, Anders J. Gillis, and Russell M. Magnaghi Dutch in Michigan Larry ten Harmsel Finland-Swedes in Michigan Mika Roinila Finns in Michigan Gary Kaunonen French Canadians in Michigan John P. DuLong Germans in Michigan Jeremy W. Kilar Greeks in Michigan Stavros K. Frangos Haitians in Michigan Michael Largey Hmong Americans in Michigan Martha Aladjem Bloomfield Hungarians in Michigan Éva V. Huseby-Darvas Irish in Michigan Seamus P. Metress and Eileen K. Metress Italians in Michigan Russell M. Magnaghi Jews in Michigan Judith Levin Cantor Latinos in Michigan David A. Badillo Latvians in Michigan Silvija D. Meja Lithuanians in Michigan Marius K. Grazulis Maltese in Michigan Joseph M. Lubig Mexicans and Mexican Americans in Michigan Rudolph Valier Alvarado and Sonya Yvette Alvarado Norwegians in Michigan Clifford Davidson Poles in Michigan Dennis Badaczewski Scandinavians in Michigan Jeffrey W. Hancks Scots in Michigan Alan T. Forrester Serbians in Michigan Paul Lubotina South Slavs in Michigan Daniel Cetinich Swedes in Michigan Rebecca J. Mead Yankees in Michigan Brian C. Wilson HmongAmericans inMichigan Martha Aladjem Bloomfield Michigan State University Press East Lansing Copyright © 2014 by Martha Aladjem Bloomfield iThe paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of ansi/niso z39.48-1992 (r 1997) (Permanence of Paper). p Michigan State University Press East Lansing, Michigan 48823-5245 Printed and bound in the United States of America.                  library of congress cataloging-in-publication data Bloomfield, Martha Aladjem. Hmong Americans in Michigan / Martha Aladjem Bloomfield. pages cm.—(Discovering the peoples of Michigan) Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn 978-1-61186-119-8 (pbk. : alk. paper)—isbn 978-1-60917-409-5 (ebook) 1. Hmong Americans—Michigan—Social conditions. 2. Hmong Americans—Michigan—Biography. 3. Hmong Americans—Cultural assimilation—Michigan. 4. Immigrants—Michigan— Social conditions. I. Title. f558.2.h55b76 2014 305.8959'720774—dc23 2013020461 Cover and interior design by Charlie Sharp, Sharp Des!gns, Lansing, MI Cover image is of Tong Vue working in a garden as part of the Self-Help Garden Project of the Greater Lansing Food Bank, a nonprofit organization. Photo is used courtesy of Martha Aladjem Bloomfield. G Michigan State University Press is a member of the Green Press Initiative and is committed to developing and encouraging ecologically responsible publishing practices. For more information about the Green Press Initiative and the use of recycled paper in book publishing, please visit www.greenpressinitiative.org. Visit Michigan State University Press at www.msupress.org To all the courageous Hmong Americans who came as refugees to Michigan or who were born in Michigan who willingly shared their stories so that others can discover them and to all those Hmong Americans in Michigan whose stories have yet to be told. Thank you. In Hmong culture, every person’s story, rich or poor, young or old, influential or unknown, is told. vincent k. her ...

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