Finns in the United States: A History of Settlement, Dissent, and Integration

Index

335 Index A adaptation to American society, 263–67 Alabama, 58 Alanne, V.S. (Severi), 164–67, 214 Alaska, 56, 57; Klondyke, Yukon Territory, 268 alcohol and alcoholism. See temperance movement Alien Registration Act of 1940, 274 “America Fever” (Amerikankuume), 59 American Indians, 80, 81; Chippewa, 81; culture, 117; Finndians, 117; Ojibwa legends, 81; smokehouse, 83. See also Delaware Americanization, 214, 305; attitudes to, 99, 102, 120, 121, 151–52, 244; process of, 14, 84, 108, 127, 165–66, 177 Amerikan Suomalainen Kansanvallan Liitto (Finnish American League for Democracy), 143–44 Amerikan Suomalainen Työväenliitto, 134 Antikainen, Lars (pseudonym), 277 Apostolic Lutherans. See religion; Laestadian movement assimilation process, 14, 102, 310, 312, 320–21. See also adaptation to American society athletics. See sports B Bärlund, Gunnar, 198 Blumenbach, Johann Friedrich, 78 Boman, Eero, 182 Book Concern. See Finnish Lutheran Book Concern boxing, 198 Brask, Andrew I., 76 brass bands, 188–89, 192 Brown, Charley (Charles Newman), 58, 63 Bush, George W., 27 C California, 57, 63, 64, 68; and gold finds, 41, 55, 58; Los Angeles, 196; San Francisco, 185 Canada, 44, 48–49, 52, 133, 147, 148; deportations and, 275–77; Lutheranism in, 126–27 Cant, William A., 76, 80 Canth, Minna, 186 Castrén, David, 175 caucasian, 77, 78, 80 Cephalic Index, 77 charmed knots, 81 Chicago Tribune, 174 Chinese, 79 choirs, 248–50 choral groups, 188–90, 192 Christopher, Peter, and Mary, 62 INDEX 336 churches and Church Finns. See religion citizenship: first papers, 76, 148–51 Civil War (Finland), 9, 41, 132, 140, 144, 174, 193, 195, 214, 277, 301–3 Civil War (US), 41, 57, 58, 79 class, 310 Cold War, 21, 51, 248, 251, 258, 259, 261, 273, 278–81 Comintern (Communist International), 140, 144, 151, 187 commemoration of immigration history, 15–17 communists: Communist Party (US), 85, 187; Finnish American, 84, 132, 142–43, 212, 246–47, 248–49, 256, 261; Finnish Workers Federation, 144; reorganization, 144; Workers Party of America, 132, 144, 164, 244; Yhdysvaltain Suomalainen Työväen Järjestö, 144. See also socialism Congress of Industrial Organization (CIO), 146 Connecticut, 69 Coolidge, Calvin, 196 Cooperative League of the United States of America (CLUSA), 164 cooperative movement, 136, 157–68; Central Cooperative Exchange (Keskusosuuskunta), 163–66; Central Co-operative Wholesale, 157–58, 160, 163–68; educational department, 160, 165, 167 Corgan, Oscar, 164 cossacks, 80 criminal syndicalism, 274 culture, 173–98; heritage, 18; pessimist and transformationalist views in maintaining culture, 321–22, 324; traditions, 20–21. See also Delaware; ethnicity; families; identity; literature; organizations; press; theater Cuvier, Baron Georges de, 78, 80 D dating: interethnic, 286–88; cultural differences in, 288, 289, 292; gender norms regarding, 286–87. See also intermarriage; marriage Delaware: Finns in the Delaware, 29–40; founding of, 29–30; heritage of, 31–35, 148, 190, 214; importance of, 14–15, 18; New Sweden colony, 56, 57; Tricentennial celebration, 31–33. Davis, Angela, 145 Democratic Farmer-Labor Party, 146 deportation of Finns, 273–84 “Buford,” 275; “Red Express,” 275 discrimination, 287 DNA studies and genealogy, 34 drama. See theaters E Eastern Federation for Finnish Music, 189 Eastern Gymnastics and Athletic League, 194 education: impact on intermarriage rate, 291; level of Finnish immigrants, 291, 310. See also schools Eisenhower, Dwight D., 148 Elo, Taisto, 279–80 Eloheimo, J.W., 117–18, 121–22 Enqvist, Verner, 278 Estonians, 84 ethnicity, 310–11, 312; revival of, 292, 311, 312, 315; symbolic nature of, 312 European Indians, 84 F families: Finns in the United States, issue of multiple identities of, 285–96 . See also traditions Farmers’ Union Central Exchange, 168 farms and farming, 55, 59, 79, 260, 319; export of skills to Finland, 268, 299; farmer background in Finland, 29, 30, 34, 47, 96, 146; FarmerLabor Party, 146–47; farming districts and communities, 59, 63–69, 112, 124, 139, 157, 159, 180, 223, 226, 285, 287; farmsteads, 10, 57, 63 feminization, of migration, 288–89 Finland, 77; Catholic, 110; contacts with, 243–82; early religious history of Finland: pagan, 109–10; industrialization in, 92; Orthodox, 110, 124; Reformation in, 107, 109, 110–11, 114, 126–27; socialist movement in, 132 . See also communism; migration; temperance; INDEX 337 transnationalism; travels; wars Finland Society (Suomi Seura), 248, 249, 261 Finlandia Foundation National, 7–8, 11 (n. 1), 17, 259–60 Finlandia University. See Suomi College Finland-Swedes, 221–42, 57, 58, 62, 63, 65, 66, 67, 124, 215; Order of Runeberg, 63, 173, 185, 190 Finnish American Athletic Club (FAAC), 196–97...