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307 Notes Introduction 1. Friedrich Nietzsche, Nachgelassene Fragmente, 1875–1879, vol. 8 in Sämtliche Werke: Kritische Studienausgabe, 15 vols., ed. Giorgio Colli and Mazzino Montinari , tr. Gary Handwerk (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1967–1977), 32; 8. 2. Friedrich Nietzsche, Daybreak, tr. R. J. Hollingdale (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982), 105. 3. The most influential account of mimetic realism is still Erich Auerbach, Mimesis: The Representation of Reality in Western Literature, tr. Willard R. Trask (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003). 4. Mark Micale, “Introduction: The Modernist Mind—A Map,” in The Mind of Modernism: Medicine, Psychology, and the Cultural Arts in Europe and America, 1880–1940, ed. Mark Micale (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2004), 1–20. Widely discussed mimetic phenomena included hysteria, hypnosis, suggestion, and emotional contagion. 5. Robert Pippin, Modernism as a Philosophical Problem, 2nd ed. (Oxford: Blackwell, 1999), 99. 6. E. R. Dodds, The Greeks and the Irrational (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1964), 185. 7. René Girard, “Nietzsche and Contradiction,” in Nietzsche in Italy, ed. Thomas Harrison (Saratoga: Anna Libri, 1988), 53–66. 8. Stephen Ross defines “new modernist studies” as an “energizing turn [that] has reopened modernism to a more comprehensive gaze, taking in the full range of culture from roughly 1890 to 1950.” “Introduction,” in Modernism and Theory: A Critical Debate, ed. Stephen Ross (New York: Routledge, 2009), 1. 9. In addition to the work of René Girard, my approach to mimesis is indebted to the work of 308 Notes Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe, as well as to the teaching of Mikkel Borch-Jacobsen and of Henry Staten, all thinkers I consider to be in line with Nietzsche. See Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe, Typography: Mimesis, Philosophy, Politics, ed. Christopher Fynsk (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1989); L’imitation des modernes (Typographies 2) (Paris: Galilée, 1986); Mikkel Borch-Jacobsen, The Freudian Subject, tr. Catherine Porter (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1988) and The Emotional Tie: Psychoanalysis, Mimesis, Affect, tr. Douglass Brick et al. (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1992); Henry Staten, Nietzsche’s Voice (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1990). If Borch-Jacobsen’s “mimetic hypothesis” is indebted to Girard, Lacoue-Labarthe’s take on mimesis has not been uncritical of Girard (see Typography, 102–121). My assumption in what follows is that in order to further the field of mimetic theory we need to move beyond past quarrels (both ancient and modern), learn from competing perspectives (be they Girardian, deconstructive, or postmodern), and supplement their limitations. For useful historical and theoretical accounts of the concept of mimesis, see Gunter Gebauer and Christopher Wulf, Mimesis: Culture–Art–Society, tr. Don Reneau (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995); Arne Melberg, Theories of Mimesis (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995); Matthew Potolsky, Mimesis (London: Routledge, 2006). 10. René Girard, Mensonge romantique et vérité romanesque (Paris: Éditions Bernard Grasset, 1961); Deceit, Desire and the Novel, tr. Yvonne Freccero (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1965); La violence et le sacré (Paris: Éditions Albin Michel, 1990); Violence and the Sacred, tr. Patrick Gregory (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1977). Dates in the body of the text refer to the year of publication of the original French version. 11. For a Girardian reading of violence and sacrifice in the modernist period, see also William A. Johnsen, Violence and Modernism: Ibsen, Joyce, and Woolf (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2003). 12. As Girard also recently recognized, “at the present moment, sacrificial resolutions are no longer possible.” René Girard, Achever Clausewitz: Entretiens avec Benoît Chantre (Paris: Carnets nord, 2007), 62 (my transl.); see Battling to the End, tr. Mary Baker (East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 2010), 23. 13. René Girard, Evolution and Conversion: Dialogues on the Origins of Culture (with Pierpaolo Antonello and João Cezar de Castro Rocha) (London: Continuum, 2007), 174. 14. Friedrich Nietzsche, Ecce Homo, tr. R. J. Hollingdale (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1979), 39–40. 15. Plato, Republic, tr. Paul Shorey, in The Collected Dialogues of Plato, ed. Edith Hamilton and Huntington Cairns, tr. Lane Cooper et al. (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1963), 575– 844, 653. For a seminal study of the pharmaceutical dimension of mimesis in Plato’s thought, see Jacques Derrida, “Plato’s Pharmacy,” in Dissemination, tr. Barbara Johnson (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981), 61–171. Robert Pippin recognizes that “perhaps modernity is a kind of repetition of . . . Platonic themes.” Pippin, Modernism, 25. This repetition is especially visible with respect to mimetic, pharmacological themes. 16. Friedrich Nietzsche, On the Genealogy of Morals, tr. Douglass Smith (Oxford...

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