Community in Conflict: A Working-class History of the 1913-14 Michigan Copper Strike and the Italian Hall Tragedy

Notes

n 245 Notes INTRODUCTION 1. Työmies, December 25, 1913. 2. Woody Guthrie, “1913 Massacre,” http://www.arlo.net/resources/lyrics/1913-massacre.shtml. 3. Lankton, Cradle to Grave. The idea of the three phases of production are developed throughout the book. 4. Indigenous peoples had used copper for hundreds if not thousands of years in ceremonial rites or for hunting purposes in this region of North America. It was not until the early nineteenth century that whites began exploiting the mineral wealth of Native American lands in this area. Lankton, Cradle to Grave; Arthur W. Thurner, Strangers and Sojourners: A History of Michigan’s Keweenaw Peninsula (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1994). For an account of Native American use of copper in the region, see Susan Martin’s archaeological work, Wonderful Power: The Story of Ancient Copper Working in the Lake Superior Basin (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1999). 5. Lankton, Cradle to Grave, 5–11. 6. Ibid., 148–152. 7. Ibid., 145. 8. Vernon H. Jensen, Heritage of Conflict: Labor Relations in the Nonferrous Metals Industry up to 1930 (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1950), quoted in Lankton, Cradle to Grave. 246 n Notes CHAPTER 1. CONTEXT 1. Solidarity (Cleveland), April 11, 1914. 2. Stephen H. Norwood, Strikebreaking and Intimidation: Mercenaries and Masculinity in Twentieth-Century America (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001), 154; Philip S. Foner, The History of the Labor Movement in the United States, Vol. 5, The AFL in the Progressive Era, 1910–1915 (New York: International Publishers, 1980), 224–225. 3. U.S. Congress, Conditions in the Copper Mines of Michigan: Hearings before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Mines and Mining (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1914), 8. 4. Työmies, December 31, 1913; Gary Kaunonen, Challenge Accepted: A Finnish Immigrant Response to Industrial America in Michigan’s Copper Country (Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 2010), 152–153. 5. “Copper Region Calm with Militia There,” New York Times, July 25, 1913; “Confer to End Copper Strike,” Los Angeles Times, August 4, 1913; “Gov Ferris to Take Action,” Boston Daily Globe, July 30, 1913. 6. “Xmas-Tree Panic Costs 80 Lives,” New York Times, December 25, 1913. 7. Edward J. McGurty, “The Copper Miners’ Strike,” International Socialist Review 14, no. 3 (September 1913): 152. 8. Arthur Thurner, Strangers and Sojourners: A History of Michigan’s Keweenaw Peninsula (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1994), 201; Carl Ross, The Finn Factor in American Labor, Culture, and Society (New York Mills, Minn.: Parta Printers, 1977), 125. 9. “Mitchell Praises Strikers,” New York Times, August 24, 1913. 10. Dubuque (Iowa) Telegraph-Herald, November 6, 1913. 11. Cited in Jo Ann E. Argersinger, The Triangle Fire: A Brief History with Documents (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2009), 25. See also David Von Drehle, Triangle: The Fire That Changed America (New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 2003). 12. Cited in Argersinger, Triangle Fire, 24. 13. Norwood, Strikebreaking and Intimidation, 147; Foner, History of the Labor Movement in the United States, 5:206–207. 14. Louis Adamic, Dynamite! A Century of Class Violence in America, 1830–1930 (London: Rebel Press, 1984), 150–151; Norwood, Strikebreaking and Intimidation, 146–147. See also George McGovern and Leonard F. Guttridge, The Great Coal Field War (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1972). 15. Masses, June 1914. 16. Cited in Julia Pferdehirt, More Than Petticoats: Remarkable Michigan Women (Guilford, Conn.: TwoDot, 2007), 88; Työmies, December 25, 1913; Miners’ Magazine, January 13, 1914. 17. “Xmas-Tree Panic Costs 80 Lives.” 18. Larry Lankton, Hollowed Ground: Copper Mining and Community Building on Lake Superior, 1840s-1990s (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2010), 197–198; U.S. Congress, Conditions in the Copper Mines, 1163; Alice K. Hoagland, Mine Towns: Buildings for Workers in Michigan’s Copper Country (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2010). 19. “Moyer Wounded, Lays It to Plot,” New York Times, December 28, 1913. Notes n 247 20. On the “labor wars,” see Adamic, Dynamite!; Sidney Lens, The Labor Wars: From the Molly Maguires to the Sit-Downs (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1973). 21. Patrick Renshaw, The Wobblies: The Story of the IWW and Syndicalism in the United States (New York: Anchor Books, 1968), 143–167. 22. Philip S. Foner, The History of the Labor Movement in the United States, Vol. 4, The Industrial Workers of the World, 1905–1917 (1965; repr., New York: International Publishers, 1997), 499, 535–536; Industrial Worker (Seattle), May 9, 1923; Ralph Chaplin, The Centralia Conspiracy...