Index
π 249 Index A Aaltonen, Frank, 34–35, 42, 55, 64, 91, 114, 115, 125, 138, 159, 187 Agassiz, Alexander, 70, 108, 161 Ahlman, N. J., 24, 60, 69, 71–72, 93, 219 (n. 19) Alanne, Severi, 64, 75, 98, 122, 154–155, 182 American Federation of Labor also AFL, 121, 144, 167 Amerikan Suomalainen Työmies. See Työmies Publishing Company Antilla Saloon, 12, 16, 209 (n. 33) B Berger, Victor, 155 Björklund, Evert, 53, 89, 119, 182–183 Block B. See Finnish Transitional Neighborhood boarding houses, 10, 13, 14–15, 18–19, 29, 52–53, 119–120, 137, 141, 143, 160, 208–209 (n. 32), 215 (n. 77) C Calumet and Hecla Mining Company also C&H, xxii, 69–70, 105, 107, 108–109, 112, 114, 116, 117, 119, 123–124, 126–127, 129, 132, 137, 140, 161, 206 (n. 13) Calumet, Michigan, xv, 42, 51, 55, 56, 57, 70, 72, 81, 85, 87, 107, 112, 115, 162, 164; as location of Italian Hall Tragedy, 150–152, 155, 158–159, 161; as location of 1913–14 Copper Strike, 250 π Index 121–124, 126, 130, 131, 134, 140, 142; Pine Street, 72, 158 capitalism, xxiv, 13, 65, 81, 83–84, 87, 93, 100, 164, 184; in the Copper Country, xxii, xxiv, 12, 177 Citizens’ Alliance, xix, 135, 146–147, 148–151, 153–154, 156, 157, 159, 165 Cleveland, Ohio, 25, 36, 41, 51, 71, 188, 213 (n. 57) Cloquet, Minnesota, 38 Copper Bosses also mine owners, xxi, xxii, xxiii, 16, 104, 107, 117, 128, 131, 135, 144, 150, 160, 165, 170, 177 Copper Country Strike, 1913–14, xxiii, 105–106, 119, 121–169, 170, 178, 183 Copper Range Mining Company, 105, 122 Coughlin building, 13–14, 62, 90, 223 (n. 4) Cruse, Sheriff James, 129, 131, 136–139, 148–150 D Debs, Eugene V., 63, 73, 82–83, 222 (n. 53) direct action, xxi, 39, 81, 82, 84, 93, 114, 120, 124, 145 Duluth, Minnesota, 25, 33, 35, 37, 38–39, 51, 74, 92, 102, 115, 155, 171, 173, 175, 183, 223 (n. 6) E Ely, Minnesota, 36, 72 F Finland, 18, 22–23, 35, 36, 38, 74, 87, 97, 158, 182, 187–192; emigration from, 1–6, 147; as a Grand Duchy of Russia, xxiii, 2, 26 Finn Halls, 17–24, 28, 31, 62, 217 (n. 33) Finnish General Strike. See strikes Finnish immigrant temperance movement and societies, 14–16, 20–25, 28–31, 36, 50–53, 57, 62–63, 111–112, 122, 124, 164, 184, 211 (n. 12), 212 (nn. 28, 30), 230 (n. 26) Finnish immigration into Michigan, 5–10 Finnish Socialist Federation also FSF, 21, 25–28, 46, 54, 73, 75, 93, 101, 104, 225 (n. 1); during ideological split, 170–175, 177, 178, 182, 183–184; during 1913–14 Copper Strike, 122, 144, 146, 148, 160, 228 (n. 58), 230–231 (n. 37); women in, 37–43 Finnish Transitional Neighborhood also FTN, 8, 9–16, 20, 22, 49, 51, 52, 54, 59, 62, 65, 104, 116, 123, 177; Block B in, 8, 9, 11–13, 208–209 (n. 32), 217 (n. 32) Fräki, Hilja, 43–44 G gun hounds, 136–138, 140, 141, 142, 146, 149, 152, 154 H Hakolahti, J. K., 57–59, 60, 61 Index π 251 hall culture, 30, 35–37, 45 Hancock, Michigan: business in, 10–15, 42, 52, 62, 83, 91, 103, 135, 174–175, 176; center of organized labor, 114–116, 120–124, 132–133, 138, 141–144, 145–146, 149, 156, 157, 159, 162, 164–165, 170; as Finnish immigrant enclave, xxiii, xxiv, 7–16, 20, 22, 24, 41, 42, 43, 46, 49–63, 64–65, 93, 112, 174–179, 181, 183, 184, 207 (n. 15), 208 (nn. 25, 31); home of Työmies Publishing Company, 68–76, 81, 83, 85, 89, 94, 98, 102–104, 110 Haywood, “Big” Bill, 56, 91 Hendrickson, Martin, 50, 52, 125, 182, 188 Hibbing, Minnesota, 26, 35, 37, 51, 53, 93, 190 Hietala, Charles E., 114, 115, 116, 132, 163, 167–168 Holm, Taisto T., 73 Houghton and Houghton County, Michigan , 5–6, 9, 55, 69–70, 83, 96, 114, 126, 136–138, 141, 148, 149, 152, 155, 157, 158–160, 207 (n. 10) Huysmans, Camille, 119 I Ilmonen, Salomon, 23–24, 50, 51, 57 Industrialisti also Sosialisti, 174, 183, 184 Industrial Workers of the World also IWW, 56, 60, 64, 73, 75, 93, 103, 110, 119–121, 123, 170, 171–174, 178, 182, 183–184, 215 (n. 77) International Workingmen’s Association...
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