Fish in the Lakes, Wild Rice, and Game in Abundance: Testimony on Behalf of Mille Lacs Ojibwe Hunting and Fishing Rights

Contents

Contents Foreword .................................................................................................................................. vii Section :a PRIMARY TESTIMONY PRESENTED ON BEHALF OF THE MILLE LACS BAND IN MINNESOTA V. MILLE LACS BAND OF CHIPPEWA INDIANS (97-1337) Preliminary Report of the Ethnohistorical Basis of the Hunting, Fishing. and Gathering Rights of the Mille Lacs Chippewa, Charles E. Cleland ........................ 1 • An Overview of Chippewa Use of Natural Resources in Historical Perspective • The Western Chippewa in the Early Nineteenth Century • The 1837 Treaty of St. Peters • The 1842 Treaty of La Pointe • Chippewa-American Relations 1825-1850: A Clash of Cultures • The Treaty of Fond du Lac-1847 • Attempts to Remove the Chippewa • The Mille Lacs Chippewa in the 1850S • The Reservation Policy and the Treaty of La Pointe-1854 • The Treaty ofWashington • The Treaties of 1863 and 1864 • Off-Reservation Hunting, Fishing, and Gathering in the Post-Treaty Era • Statement of General Conclusions The Regional Context of the Removal Order of 1850, Bruce M. White ..................... 141 • White Population Growth in the Minnesota Region • Political Leadership in Minnesota Territory v CONTENTS • Pressure for Removal • Implementing the Removal Order • Tragedy at Sandy Lake • Removal Efforts in 1851 • Suspension of the Removal • The Watrous Investigation • The Pleasure of the President • Remnants of the Removal • Beyond the Removal Policy • Mille Lacs Treaty Rights at the End of the Removal Period • Summary and Conclusions • Why Call It the Removal Order of 1850? • Were the Mille Lacs Ojibwe Subject to the Removal Order of 1850? • How Many Ojibwe Were Actually Removed? The 1837 Treaty of St. Peters Preserving the Rights of the Mille Lacs Ojibwa to Hunt, Fish, and Gather: The Effect of Treaties and Agreements since 1855, James McClurken ............................................................................................... 329 • Mille Lacs and the Treaty of 1855 • Treaties of 1863 and 1864 • Implementation of the 1863 and 1864 Treaties • The Nelson Allotment Act, 1889 • Congressional Acts and the Mille Lacs Reservation Section 3 SUPPORTING TESTIMONY The Mille Lacs Band and the Treaty of 1855, Helen Tanner ............................................. 463 The 1837 and 1855 Chippewa Treaties in the Context of Early American Wildlife Law; Thomas Lund ...................................................................................................486 The Translation of Key Phrases in the Treaties of 1837 and 1855,John D. Nichols ...... 514 APPENDIX Minnesota, et aI., Petitioners v: Mille Lacs Band of Chippewa Indians et al.; No. 97-1337 Opinion of the Supreme Court, Sandra Day O'Connor ............................. 525 Index ........................................................................................................................................ 547 vi ...