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| 249 Index a Acme, Mich., 182 administrative termination, 53; of Grand Traverse Band, x, xi, 53, 84, 86, 87–91, 185; of Grand Traverse Band, and state control, 102; of Grand Traverse Band, and tribal membership dispute, 159; of other Ottawa and Potawatomi tribes, x, xi, 107, 156 Aghosa: and efforts to preserve lands, 38, 41; and 1855 treaty negotiations, 45, 52, 155; and 1866 trip to Washington, D.C., 52; and 1836 treaty negotiations, 20, 155; and Peter Dougherty, 29, 30, 31, 38, 41, 62, 86; and village locations, 13, 32, 43, 62, 86 Aghosatown, 43, 44, 45, 93. See also Omena agriculture: and allotment, 70; and dispossession of Ottawa homelands, 111, 114; Grand Traverse Band success on Old Mission, 9, 33, 35, 40, 41, 63; Grand Traverse Bay area, 36; and homesteading, 72; Indian surplus, 9, 10, 33; Ottawas and, 6; potatoes, 10, 11, 33, 72, 94; pumpkins, 11; Second Seminole War, 20; and “settlement,” 25, 26, 27; Three Sisters, 9, 10, 11, 33, 36, 72, 94 Aishquagonabe, 62, 85, 155; and the British, 39; 1855 treaty negotiations, 38; 1836 treaty negotiations, 20, 22, 155; and Henry Schoolcraft, 85; and land purchases, 41; and Peter Dougherty, 31, 41; and village locations, 13, 24, 29, 30, 32, 51, 52, 62; and the War of 1812, 155 Alexander, John, 117–18 Allen, Edward, 54 allotment: Beaver Island, 76; Bureau of Indian Affairs allotment policy (1855), x; Congressional allotment policy (1887), x; Congressional remedial acts of 1870s, 90; 1855 Treaty, 34; impacts of 1855 Treaty, 63–69; implementation of 1855 Treaty, 48–50; South Fox Island, 73; and state citizenship, 115 American Civil War, 87, 115 American Fur Company, 12, 19, 30, 40, 42, 112, 113 American Indian Policy Review Commission, 103 American Revolutionary War, 6 Ance, Benjamin, 75, 76 Ance, Emaline, 76 Ance, John, 114 Ance, Peter, 114 Anishinaabe calendar, 10 Anishinaabemowin, 5, 6, 11, 30, 111, 150 annuities, treaty: distribution of 1910, 91, 93; and Durant rolls of 1908 and 1910, 106; 1836 Treaty, 26, 27; failure of government to pay annuities, 34; as form of control, 39; and fraud in the 1855 Treaty, 50, 51, 52; Henry Schoolcraft, 26, 27, 38, 39; and Indian dependency, 43; Little Traverse Bay Bands of Odawa Indians, 155; nonIndian efforts to acquire, 36; saved by Grand Traverse Band members, 63; use for Indian land purchases, 27, 33, 40, 41, 43; and voting rights, 115 Antrim County, Mich., xi, 64, 93, 182, 193 Asagon (Aaasagan), 45, 47 Assikinack, Francis, 60 250 | index Astor, John Jacob, 12, 99 Atlantic Monthly, 36 attorney contracts, 161 Aubert, Father, 96 Awgosa, John, 66 b Bailey, Derek, xii, 193 Bailey, John, 75, 78 Baraga, Frederic, 13, 18, 44, 58, 107 Bay Mills Indian Community: fishing, 117, 121; gaming, 171, 172–76, 182; 1985 Consent Decree, 136; as signatory to 1836 Treaty, 82, 116, 131 Beaver Island, 24, 40, 75, 76, 79 Benedict, Richard, 119, 125, 126, 127, 128 Bennett, George, xii, 161 Benzie County, Mich., 53, 117 Bingham, Abel, 7 Bingham Township, 67, 114 Bird, Sam, 75 Blackbird, Andrew, 3, 5, 9, 27, 30, 39, 50, 57 Blackman, Francis, 66 blacksmith, 19, 30, 42, 52, 109 Boardman River, 10 Bolton, Russell, 100 Brady, James, 131 Branch of Acknowledgment and Research, 103–04 Breyer, Stephen, 192 British, the: and Aishquagonabe, 20, 39; and Drummond Island, 38; economic integration with the Ottawas, 10, 12; and fur trade, 151; Hudson Bay Company, 38; and land ownership, 17; and Manitoulin Island, 38; and Pontiac’s War, 7; as possible military allies of Michigan Indians, 20, 38, 39; rise and fall of, in the Americas, 6, 7, 110; treatment of Anishinaabek as conquered peoples, 7; and War of 1812, 7, 16, 20 Brooks, E. J., 53, 68, 72, 91 Bureau of Indian Affairs: administrative recognition policy, x, 84, 103; and anthropology, 98; and Congressional termination of Michigan Indian tribes, 102; and control over Indian people, 104; 1855 allotment policy, x; gaming regulation, 39, 179; and Grand Traverse Band membership dispute, 158; and land dispossession of Grand Traverse Band members, 75; and Michigan Indian tribal reorganization efforts, 96, 101; and the Northern Michigan Ottawa Association, 96, 101; and recognition of the Grand Traverse Band, 105, 162; and Saginaw Chippewa Indian Tribe, 157; services to recognized tribes, 107; and trust land acquisition, 103 Burns, M. L., 94–96 Burt Lake Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians, 45, 46 Burtt, Barry, 106, 166, 185 c Californiav.Cabazon Band of Mission Indians...

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