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abortion, 12, 20, 195; criminalization of, 195, 197, 199; fees for, 213n56; 1940 Instructions on, 199–200; problems reported in the republics about, 202; rate of, 212n47; registration of, 210n2; resistance of medical personnel to, 199, 210n5; role of prosecutors in, 199, 202, 206, 211n24; surveillance of, 195–97, 204, 206, 212n33 Abramov, I.N., 184 absolutism, 51 Academy of Agricultural Sciences, USSR, 160, 243 Academy of Medical Sciences, Ukraine, 202 Academy of Medical Sciences, USSR, 197, 209, 242 Academy of Sciences, USSR, 160, 162 accidents: industrial, 12; traffic, 263–64, 278n18, 278n20 Agronomov, E.A., 184 AIDS, 93 Aleksandrov, Georgii F., 164 alimentary dystrophy, 176–79, 182, 186, 190; stages of, 178 Alimentary Toxic Aleukia (ATA), 19–20, 185; defined as a mycotoxicosis, 188; discovery of chemical formula of, 189; late Stalinist epidemic of, 186–87; late war measures against, 186; leucopenia as a symptom of, 185; postwar measures against and their shortcomings, 187–88 All-Russian League for the Struggle with Tuberculosis, 134 All-Union Anti-Plague Conference, 59 American Relief Association, 43 Anti-Fascist Committee of Soviet Scientists, 159 Anti-Fascist Committee of Soviet Women, 160 Anti-Fascist Slavic Committee, 155 anti-plague measures: epidemiological teams, 55, 59, 65; hospitals, 65; laboratories , 53, 55, 60, 65; pre-revolutionary organization on the steppe, 52, 57; regional conferences, 55–56, 59, 61–63; sanitary monitors, 64; serum for cattle, 50. See also “Mikrob” anti-Semitism, 117, 165, 198, 251; “Doctors’ Plot,” 5; in Germany, 85 Arndt, Hans-Joachim, 74 Arkhangel’skii, B.A., 207 Arnol’dov, Vladimir Andreevich, 62–63 Aschoff, Ludwig, 74 Avtokratov, P.M., 31 Babaiants, Rubin A., 247, 256n69 BCG (Bacilles Calmette Guérin) vaccination , 18, 132–36, 153n66; backwardness of Soviet campaigns, 141; campaign in 1938, 141–42; difficulties in the provinces, 141–43; expansions of program, 138, 148; “French model” of, 140; introduction in France, Romania, and French colonies, 135; laboratories for production of, 141, 145–47; local and provincial initiatives, 142–44; in Molotov (Perm’), 142–43, 145–46; non-arrival of vaccine, 143; pre-war campaigns in Moscow and Leningrad, 136; provinces request access to, 139; recovery after the war, 150n20; in Riazan,’ 144–45; in Sverdlovsk oblast,’ 147–48; technical difficulties of production and transportation of, 144; in Volzhsk, 143–44 bacteriology: experts, 18, 52–54, 57, 59–61, 66, 73–75, 138, 140; research structure, 54, 59, 138; science, 6, 8, 15, 54, 57, 59–61, 66, 135 I N D E x I N D E X 2 8 6 Bagdasar’ian, Suren, 155 Bagotskaia, R., 35, 37 Bakulev, Aleksandr, 169 Bazhenov, Nikolai Nikolaevich, 33, 35 Bekhterev, Vladimir Mikhailovich, 33 Berdnikov, Alexei Ivanovich, 54–55 Beria, Lavrentii, 179 Bezsonova, A.A., 62 biopower, 8, 18, 20 biosphere, 238 birthrate, 99, 145, 190, 197, 199–200, 203, 205, 208, 211n14, 253 Bolshevik Revolution, 4, 8, 30, 52, 98, 113, 158, 161 258; anniversary of, 167 Bolshevism, 15–16 Borishpol’skii, E.S., 31 Brezhnev, Leonid, 5; Brezhnev years, 6, 21, 265 Bronner, V.M., 99 Bublichenko, L.M., 206–7, 212n47 Burdenko, Nikolai, 155–56, 160–61, 164, 167–68; biography of, 161–62; discovers “German” method of execution, 162–63; Neurosurgical Institute of, 161 Burova, M.D., 202 Burton, Christopher, 195 Busoedov, Feodor, 156 byt. See everyday life, conditions of Calmette, Albert, 134, 136, 138 camel disease, 72 carcinogens, 245, 249–50, 256n82 Carmichael, Ann, 51 Carson, Rachel, 250, 252–53; “Carsonian shift,” 251–52 Caucasus, peoples of the, 117; sexual maturation of, 117–18 Central Commission for the Struggle with Epidemics, 54–55 Chadwick, Edwin, 9 Cheka, 56 Chekhov, Anton, 180 Cherkinskii, Samuel Naumovich, 239–40, 242–46, 248, 250–52, 254n16, 256n62 Chernobyl disaster, 253, 265 cholera, 56, 68n27, 96 Chulok, P.D., 247 Chumbalov, Mazhit Mukhamedianovich, 62 Churilina, Anna Andreevna, 60 civilization, 15, 17, 50, 66; versus the Asian desert, 59; as distinct from nomadism, 63; questioning of dichotomy between uncivilized peoples and, 73, 84, 91n97; mission of, 11, 21, 83; Soviet Union as a, 191 Civil War (1918–1921), 4, 28, 44, 55, 58, 64, 158; ending of, 56 Clifford, James, 77 clinical gaze, 6 Cold War, 4, 10, 170, 251; KR affair, 209, 245 colonialism, 9, 15–17, 20–22, 23n11, 50, 81–82; in Weimar Germany, 72–73 colonization, internal, 16–18, 20–22, 64, 90n75 Commission for the Protection of Nature, 241 communal hygiene, 20–21, 237, 239–44, 250–53, 256n62 Communist Party, 3, 10, 115, 160, 165; Politburo of, 161...

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