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vii Illustrations 1.1. Map of New Spain and the Caribbean 16 1.2. The El Dorado legend: El Dorado being powdered with gold 18 1.3. The golden raft 19 1.4. The landing of Columbus 20 2.1. Bartolomé de las Casas 29 3.1. Mexican cart with wheels 45 3.2. Coronado and Oñate routes to Tierra Nueva 48 5.1. Bird’s-eye view of Acoma and its mesa 71 5.2. Pueblos of the Upper Rio Grande 72 7.1. Timeline and projection of Coronado’s march to Quivira, 1541 92 7.2. Image of an American buffalo 97 8.1. Coronado’s march in Kansas, 1541 106 8.2. Route concepts of Quivira expeditions 107 viii I l l u s t r a t I o n s 8.3. Possible routes of the Coronado and Oñate expeditions to Quivira 108 13.1. Pictograph of conquistadors on march in Cañon del Muerto, Arizona 156 15.1. Gaspar de Villagrá, Oñate captain 180 20.1. Oñate’s march, 1602 223 20.2. Oñate’s march in Kansas 226 20.3. Timeline and projection of Oñate’s march to Quivira, 1601 227 20.4. Early Indian homes in Texas 234 21.1. Interpretation of Miguel’s map as it relates to today 249 21.2. How Indians could have smelted gold 250 22.1. Pueblo of Taos 255 22.1. Oñate’s “Paso por aqui” inscription, El Morro, New Mexico 258 a.1. The Coronado Stone 319 ...

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