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399 abandonment ritual, 65; Nakovana Cave, 272–73 Aborigines: cave and rockshelter use, 136, 137–47 aboveground caves, 46; in Malta, 47–49, 49, 51–52 abstract designs, Upper Paleolithic, 31, 32 Abu Hamid, 102 Abu Matar, 100 Abu Simbel, Ramses II temple at, 120–21, 121 Abydos, 116, 118 Acatzingo Viejo, 157 Actun Tunichil Muknal, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163 Adair Glyph Cave, 190; images in, 188–89, 198 Adeimah, 89 Adriatic Sea, 2; Copper and Iron Age in, 263–73 Aegean region, 67; agriculture, 61–62; Neolithic and early Bronze Age, 60, 64, 66, 69–71 aesthetics, 392–93 Africa, 5, 9. See also Egypt; Zimbabwe agriculture, 32, 34, 61–62, 88, 368; rituals, 161, 176 agropastoralists, Andean, 345, 348–49 Ajanta, 129 Akhet, 111; representations of, 119, 120, 121 Alabama, 223; cave art, 195, 196, 198; Woodland-Mississippian caves in, 190, 211, 213–14 Alacaluf, 344 Alberta, 356 alcohol, ritual consumption of, 270, 271 alcohol distilleries, 232, 305 Alepotrypa, 71 Alibamu, 211 Alice and Gwendoline Cave, 302, 303, 304 Allen’s Cave, 143 All Souls’ Day, Hindu ritual on, 335, 336 Altxerri, 20 atlatls and darts, in caves, 175, 176 altars, 132, 220; cached, 178–79 Altun Ha, 158 Amayaúna, 286 Am Duat, 111, 113, 115, 117, 118 American Southwest, 2; architecturally modified caves in, 5, 173–74, 174; artifact deposits in, 174–75; cave use in, 171–72, 178–80; hunting ritual, 175, 175–76; sandals in caves, 177–78; witchcraft, 176–77 Amnisos, 68 Amud, 87 Amun, 113 Amun-Re, 118, 120, 121 ancestor veneration, West Malaysian cave temples, 339–40 Ancestral Beings, Australia, 137, 146 Ancestral Puebloans, 173; altar caches, 178–79 Andean region, cave use, 343–49, 368 animal bones. See faunal remains animal lodges, Pawnee, 356, 358–59 animals, 69, 160, 175, 298, 300, 334; Australian depictions of, 137, 138, 140–41, 141, 144; domesticated, 62–63; in Great Plains cosmology , 354, 356–58; Ili Kérékéré rock art, Index 320–21; in Upper Paleolithic Europe depictions , 18, 20, 21, 22, 24, 32; in Southeastern US cave art, 196, 197; symbolism of, 275–83 animism, West Malaysia, 334 Annagh Cave, 303 Anne, Queen, 302 Antipodes, 298 Antrim County, 297, 302, 303 Anubis, 117, 118 Apache, 354 Apesokari tholos, 72 Apophis, 110, 114, 120 Appalachian Hocking Valley State Park, 234 Appalachian Plateau, 196 Apulia region, 2, 7, 9; Bronze Age, 39–41; Copper Age in, 38–39; Neolithic in, 32–38; Upper Paleolithic in, 27–32 aquatic invertebrates, in Eastern US caves, 214, 219 aragonite mining, 356 archaeobotanical remains, 161; Eastern Woodland caves, 186, 187, 190, 215, 219, 221, 222 archaeozoology. See faunal remains Archaic period: American Southwest, 175–76, 177, 178, 179; Andean region, 344; Eastern US, 187–89, 197–98, 217–21, 226–30; Great Plains, 361; mortuary caves, 226–28 Archalochori, 72 architecturally modified caves, 5, 304; American Southwest, 173–74, 174; Apulia region, 39–40, 41; West Malaysia, 333, 337–38, 340 Page numbers in italics indicate illustrations. Index 400 architecture, 48; Mesoamerican caves associated with, 157–58, 368 Arguedas, José María, 345 Ariadne, 385 Arizona, 171, 173, 176, 178–79 Arkansas: archaeology in, 237–38; GIS studies in, 239–44; places of emergence in, 211, 212 Arnezano, 37 Arnhem Land, 137, 138, 139 Arrow Grotto of Feather Cave, 172, 173, 176, 178 Arrow Rock, 358 arrows, 179; as offerings, 358, 360. See also bows and arrows artifact deposits, 62, 92, 93, 185, 213, 348, 366–67; American Southwest, 172, 174–78, 179–80; Apulia region, 31, 33, 35; Crete, 65, 67, 68–69, 72, 74; Eastern US, 185, 221, 228–30; Great Plains, 356, 358, 360; Maltese, 52–53; Mayan, 159–60, 160, 161; Nahal Mishmar, 94, 94–95. See also offerings artificial caves, 36–37, 109, 118, 348; Chalcolithic, 90, 96–99, 102–3; in Ireland, 303, 305; Mesoamerican, 154, 157, 368 Aschwanden, Herbert, Karanga Mythology, 310–11 Asterousia region, 72 astronomy, Egyptian, 112, 113 Aswan, 116 Atlas de Duran, 153 Auel, Jean, The Clan of the Cave Bear, 3 Aurignacian period, 19 Austin Cave, 211, 220–21, 221 Australia, 2, 17, 136, 369; Cloggs Cave in, 138–39; northern, 137–38; Pleistocene in, 16, 135, 138–39, 143–45 Austronesia: cosmology, 327; painting tradition , 321 Avila, Francisco de, 345 Awatovi, 173 axes mundi, 68, 154, 243 Ay, 120 Ayios Antonios, 71, 73 Ayios Ioannis, 66, 67, 68, 70 Ayios Nikolaos, 66, 71–72 Aymara, 344, 345, 346, 348–49 Azor, 98, 99...

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