Deep Freeze: The United States, the International Geophysical Year, and the Origins of Antarctica's Age of Science

Notes

ABBREVIATIONS AND SHORT FORMS USED IN NOTES Federal records used in this study are held at the National Archives and Records Administration, Archives II facility (NARA II), in College Park, Maryland. They are designated by Record Group (RG) number. RG 313 Records of U.S. Naval Operating Forces, Operations Plans and Reports 1955–1972, Operation Deep Freeze, I–IV. Boxes 1–28. RG 59 Records of the U.S. State Department, CDF (Central Decimal File) 1955–1959 Boxes 1651–1656: International Organizations/Conferences VIII (399.829) N O T E S 401 402 Boxes 2772–2777: Regional/Antarctica (702.022) Many of the relevant documents of this period were originally classified Confidential or Secret. Most are now available or declassifiable. RG 307 Records of the National Science Foundation (NSF), Office of Antarctic Programs, IGY: NAS-USNC IGY Documents 1955–1959 RG 401 Records of Gift Collections Pertaining to the Polar Regions, numbered by contributor RG 401 (5) Carl R. Eklund papers RG 401 (59) Laurence M. Gould papers RG 401 (82) Philip M. Smith papers RG 401 (124) Albert P. Crary papers NAS-IGY Records pertaining to the IGY in the archives of the National Academy of Sciences ADFA Antarctic Deep Freeze Association CTF, TF Commander Task Force, Task Force CTG, TG Commander Task Group, Task Group DF Operation Deep Freeze (with Roman numeral or year) GPO Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. McMurdo Log Narrative Log, Williams Air Operating Facility, McMurdo Sound, Antarctica, kept daily by Lcdr. D. W. Canham Jr., retyped with edits and annotations by YNC Robert L. Chaudoin MCB (Spec) Mobile Construction Battalion (Special) MoC Memorandum of Conversation, internal State Department record MoM Memorandum of Meeting, State Department record SP Log South Pole Daily Narrative, 13 October 1956–20 January 1957, by Richard A. Bowers, retyped by Chaudoin SSLR Scientific Station Leaders Reports, for 1957–1958 and 1958–1959. Available in RG 307, Box 5. Trans. AGU Transactions, American Geophysical Union USNC-IGY United States National Committee for the International Geophysical Year USNSFA United States Naval Support Force, Antarctica PROLOGUE 1. [Gilbert H. Grosvenor], “An Ice Wrapped Continent,” National Geographic 17, no. 2 (February 1907): 95. This article reviews The Voyage of The Discovery by Robert F. Scott. 2. U.S. Antarctic Program External Panel, The United States in Antarctica (Washington , D.C.: NSF, 1997), 9–16. 3. Walker Chapman, ed., Antarctic Conquest: The Great Explorers in Their Own Words (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1965), 3–4, 25–37; Kenneth J. Bertrand, Americans in Antarctica, 1775–1948 (New York: American Geographical Society, 1971), 1. N O T E S T O P A G E S 7 – 8 403 4. Bertrand, Americans in Antarctica, 2–3. 5. Ibid., 77–79; Chapman, Antarctic Conquest, 42–60. 6. Bertrand, Americans in Antarctica, 4–5; Chapman, Antarctic Conquest, 92–105, 116–128. 7. Chapman, Antarctic Conquest, 114, see 106–116; Bertrand, Americans in Antarctica , 185 (quote), see also, chapter 10. 8. Bertrand, Americans in Antarctica, 148–150, 163–167 (quote on 164). 9. G. E. Fogg, A History of Antarctic Science (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 95–96. 10. Bertrand, Americans in Antarctica, 198–205 (quote on 203); Lisle A. Rose, Assault on Eternity: Richard E. Byrd and the Exploration of Antarctica, 1946–1947 (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1980), 10. 11. Niels H. De V. Heathcote and Angus Armitage, “The First International Polar Year (1882– 1883),” International Council of Scientific Unions, Comite Spécial de l’Année Géophysique Internationale, Annals of the International Geophysical Year, 1957–1958, vol. 1 (London: Pergamon, 1959), 6–7. 12. Shackleton’s own accounts are The Heart of the Antarctic: The Farthest South Expedition, 1907–1909, chapters 14–16, and South: The Endurance Expedition (both New York: Signet, 2000, and other editions). See Caroline Alexander, The Endurance: Shackleton’s Legendary Antarctic Expedition (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2001), among other accounts. 13. See Roald Amundsen, The South Pole: An Account of the Norwegian Antarctic Expedition in the “Fram,” 1910–1912, 2 vols., trans. A. G. Chater (London: C. Hurst, 1912); Robert Falcon Scott, Scott’s Last Expedition: The Journals (New York: Carroll & Graf, 1996). 14. See Roland Huntford, The Last Place on Earth (New York: Modern Library, 1999; published as Scott and Amundsen by Hodder and Stoughton, 1979). Susan Solomon, in The Coldest March: Scott’s Fatal Antarctic Expedition (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001), compares weather data over time to show...