The Case against Afrocentrism

Notes

Notes Introduction 1. Delany, “Political Destiny,” 327–67. 2. Ibid., 337–38. 3. Ibid. See also Delany, “Political Aspect”; Delany to Professor M. H. Freeman; Delany, “Political Events.” 4. Delany, “Political Events.” 5. Du Bois, Souls of Black Folk, 13. 6. Holt, Problem of Race in the 21st Century. Barndt, Understanding and Dismantling Racism. 7. Ibid., 3–4. 8. Ibid. 9. Stampp, Peculiar Institution; Elkins, Slavery; Davis, Inhuman Bondage. 10. Delany, “Political Aspect,” “Political Events.” See also his “The International Policy of the World Towards the African Race.” 11. Delany, “Important Movement.” 12. Adeleke, “Color Line as Confining and Restraining Paradigm.” See also Adeleke, “Black Americans and Africa.” 13. Richburg, Out of America. 14. “Richburg Firestorm,” 51. 15. Journal of Black Studies, September 1997, 129, 130–32. Also, Sackeytio, “For a Self-Denying ‘African’-American Journalist,” 53; Egbo, “Self-Denial and Retribution,” 52. 16. Mohammed, Fall of America, 17. 17. Eure and Jerome, Back Where We Belong, 247. 18. Asante, Afrocentricity and The Afrocentric Idea; Kemet, Afrocentricity and Knowledge. 19. Asante, Afrocentricity, 30. 20. Ibid., 39. 21. Shavit, History in Black; Howe, Afrocentrism; Lefkowitz, Not Out of Africa. 22. Blaut, Colonizer’s Model of the World. 23. Morris and Braine, “Social Movements and Oppositional Consciousness.” 24. Shavit, History In Black; Howe, Afrocentrism. See also Walker, We Can’t Go Home Again; Moses, Afrotopia; Ziegler, Molefi Kete Asante and Afrocentricity. 25. Austin, Achieving Blackness, 12–13. 26. Ibid., 128. 27. Shavit, History in Black; Walker, We Can’t Go Home Again; Howe, Afrocentrism . 28. James, Stolen Legacy. notes 191 29. Rodney, “African History in the Service of Black Revolution,” 51. See also Adeleke, “Guerilla Intellectualism.” 30. Shavit, History in Black; Stowe, Afrocentrism; Lefkowitz, Not Out of Africa. 31. Asante, “Racism, Consciousness and Afrocentricity.” 32. Ani, Yurugu. 33. Adeleke, “Gloracialization.” 34. Adeleke, “Moral Suasion and the Negro Anti-Slavery Crusade.” 35. Adeleke, UnAfrican Americans. See also his “Constructing a Dual Cultural Space.” 36. Dickerson, The End of Blackness, “Introduction,” 3. 37. Ibid., 4–5. 38. Graves, Myth of Race. Chapter 1 1. Bethel, Roots of African-American Identity, 82. 2. Ibid., 81–82. 3. Ibid., 81. 4. Ibid., 82. 5. Ibid. 6. Du Bois, Souls of Black Folk, 3. 7. Ibid., 3–4. 8. Early, Lure and Loathing. 9. Bethel, Roots of African American Identity, 25–27. 10. Asante, Afrocentricity. See also his Afrocentric Idea and Kemet. Richards, Let the Circle Be Unbroken. 11. Howe, Afrocentrism, 233. 12. Richards, Let The Circle Be Unbroken, 1. 13. Wilson, Falsification of Afrikan Consciousness, 40–41. 14. Wright, Black Intellectuals. 15. Richburg, Out of America. 16. Early, Lure and Loathing. 17. Bell, “American Moral Reform Society.” McCormick, “William Whipper.” 18. Miller, Search for a Black Nationality; Kinshasa, Emigration vs. Assimilation; Moses, Golden Age of Black Nationalism. 19. Eyerman, Cultural Trauma. 20. Stampp, Peculiar Institution, 141. 21. Andrews and McFeely, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass. 22. Berlin, “From Creole to Africa,” 19. 23. Ibid. 24. Ibid., 19. 25. Ibid., 20. 26. Ibid. 192 notes 27. Edwards, Equiano’s Travels. 28. Campbell, Middle Passages. 29. Magubane, Ties That Bind, 15–88. Walvin, Questioning Slavery, 49–95. Oakes, Ruling Race, 3–34. 30. Tise, Proslavery. See also Genovese, World the Slaveholders Made. 31. Reed, Platform for Change, ch. 3. See also Horton, Free People of Color, 152–53. Nash, Forging Freedom, ch. 4. 32. Cook, “ Tragic Conception of Negro History,” 225–31. 33. Lincoln, Coming Through the Fire, 101. 34. Curry, Free Black in Urban America, 81. 35. Walvin, Questioning Slavery. Oakes, Ruling Race. Jones, Born a Child of Freedom , ch. 1. 36. Mills, Racial Contract, 13–14. 37. Ibid., 16. 38. Kolchin, American Slavery, 133. Also, Walvin, Questioning Slavery, 64–71. 39. Stampp, Peculiar Institution. Also, Kolchin, American Slavery; Walvin, Questioning Slavery. 40. Aptheker, American Negro Slave Revolts. See also his “Consciousness of Negro Nationality to 1900.” 41. Adeleke, “Primacy of Condition.” 42. Sorin, Abolitionism, 17–37, ch. 3. Mabee, Black Freedom. Stewart, Holy Warriors . Gienapp, “Abolitionism and the Nature of Ante-Bellum Reform.” 43. Ibid. 44. Sorin, Abolitionism, 44 45. Ibid., ch. 3. Mabee, Black Freedom, 1–111. Gienapp, “Abolitionism.” 46. Mabee, Black Freedom. Also, Simmons, “Ideologies and Programs of the Negro Anti-Slavery Movement.” 47. Horton, Free People of Color, 158. 48. Aptheker, Documentary History of the Negro People in the United States, vol. 1, 82. 49. Bethel, Roots of African American Identity, 119–26. 50. Ibid. See also Curry, Free...