Chicana/o Struggles for Education: Activism in the Community

Notes

Introduction 1. In the text the terms Chicana/o, Mexican origin, Mexican American, and ethnic Mexican will be used interchangeably. I will use the term Latina/o whenever both Mexican origin and other Spanish origin individuals are included in the discussion or whenever the data fail to make distinctions among the various subgroups. 2. See, for instance, Charles Wollenberg, “Mendez v. Westminster,” California Historical Quarterly 55 (Winter 1974): 317–32; Arnoldo De León, “Blowout 1910 Style: A Chicano School Boycott in West Texas,” Texana 12 (1974): 124–40; and Carl Allsup, “Education Is Our Freedom: The American G.I. Forum and the Mexican American School Segregation in Texas, 1948–1957,” Aztlán 8 (Spring 1977): 27–50. 3. For an overview of this literature see Guadalupe San Miguel Jr., “Status of the Historiography of Mexican American Education: A Preliminary Analysis,” History of Education Quarterly 26 (1986): 523–36, and Victoria-María MacDonald, “Hispanic, Latino, Chicano, or ‘Other’?: Deconstructing the Relationship between Historians and Hispanic American Educational History,” History of Education Quarterly 41, no. 3 (2001): 365–413. 4. Tom Carter did one of the first monographs on the education of Mexican Americans in 1970. Despite its title, this book was not a historical study of Mexican Americans in the school but a sociological one. Unlike most sociological studies of that period, Carter’s contained an important amount of historical information. See Tomas P. Carter, Mexican Americans in School: A History of Educational Neglect (Princeton, NJ: College Entrance Examination Board, 1970). 5. See Guadalupe San Miguel Jr., Let All of Them Take Heed (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2001; originally published in 1987); Rubén Donato, The Other Struggle for Equal Schools (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1997); Lynne Marie Getz, Schools of Their Own (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1997); Guadalupe San Miguel Jr., Brown, Not White (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2002); Richard Valencia, Mexican Americans and the Courts (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2009); Philippa Strum, Mendez v. Westminster: School Desegregation and Mexican American Rights (Lawrence: Notes 146 notes to page 1 University Press of Kansas, 2010); Paul A. Sracic, San Antonio v. Rodriguez and the Pursuit of Equal Education: The Debate over Discrimination and School Funding (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2006), Mario T. Garcia and Sal Castro, Blowout! Sal Castro and the Chicano Struggle for Educational Justice (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2011). 6. Although emphasis is placed on activism in this study, readers should note that another tradition of scholarship exists within the field of Mexican American educational history. This other tradition emphasizes institutional developments in education and examines what schools have done to or for Mexican American students and how these students have fared in them. For a better understanding of these two scholarly traditions in the history of Mexican origin education in the United States, see San Miguel, “Status of the Historiography of Mexican American Education: A Preliminary Analysis,” 523–36. For a brief historical study utilizing these two approaches, see Guadalupe San Miguel Jr. and Richard R. Valencia, “From the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo to Hopwood: The Educational Plight and Struggle of Mexican Americans in the Southwest,” Harvard Educational Review 68, no. 3 (1998): 353–412. 7. In addition to those listed in note 1 see Meyer Weinberg, A Chance to Learn (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1976); Charles Wollenberg, All Deliberate Speed (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976); Guadalupe San Miguel Jr., “Mexican American Organizations and the Changing Politics of School Desegregation in Texas, 1945–1980,” Social Science Quarterly 63 (December 1982): 701–15; Guadalupe San Miguel Jr., “The Struggle against Separate and Unequal Schools: Middle Class Mexican Americans and the Desegregation Campaign in Texas, 1929–1957,” History of Education Quarterly 23 (Fall 1983): 343–59; Roberto Alvarez Jr., “The Lemon Grove Incident: The Nation’s First Successful Desegregation Court Case,” Journal of San Diego History 32 (Spring 1986): 116–35; Francisco E. Balderrama, “The Battle against School Segregation,” in The Los Angeles Mexican Consulate and the Mexican Community in Los Angeles, 1929–1936 (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1982): 55–72; Gilbert G. Gonzalez, “The Rise and Fall of De Jure Segregation in the Southwest,” in Chicano Education in the Era of Segregation (Philadelphia: Balch Institute Press, 1990), 147–56; Christopher Arriola, “Knocking on the Schoolhouse Door: Mendez v. Westminster—Equal Protection, Public Education, and Mexican Americans in the 1940s,” La Raza Law Journa1 8 (1995): 166–207; Vicki L. Ruiz...