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273 notes Prologue 1. Quotes and the description of the experiment are from Thomas Blass, The Man Who Shocked the World: The Life and Legacy of Stanley Milgram (New York: Basic Books, 2009), 75–92. See also, Arthur G. Miller, The Obedience Experiments: A Case Study of Controversy in Social Science (New York: Praeger, 1986). 2. Stanley Milgram, “The Behavioral Study of Obedience,” Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 67 (1963): 371–78. 3. Blass, The Man Who Shocked the World, 123. See also Kirsten Fermaglich, American Dreams and Nazi Nightmares: Early Holocaust Consciousness and Liberal America, 1957–1965 (Waltham, Mass.: Brandeis University, 2006), 22, 85–91. 4. Duncan J. Watts, Small Worlds: The Dynamics of Networks between Order and Randomness (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999), 18–19. 5. Richard Gallagher and Tim Appenzeller, “Beyond Reductionism,” Science 284, no. 5411 (April 2, 1999): 79. 6. Josef Kolbitsch and Hermann Maurer, “The Transformation of the Web: How Emerging Communities Shape the Information We Consume,” Journal of Universal Computer Science 2 no. 2 (2006): 187–207. 7. Quotes and details on Boyd’s experiences from Grant T. Hammond, The Mind of War: John Boyd and American Security (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Press, 2001), 35–40, 57–61. 8. James P. Stevenson, The Pentagon Paradox: The Development of the F-18 Hornet (Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1993), 45. 9. Clay Shirky, Here Comes Everybody (New York: Penguin, 2008), 129. 10. Shirky did not discover this phenomenon, but he did much to publicize it. See, for example, Albert-Laszlo Barabas, Linked: How Everything Is Connected to Everything Else and What It Means (New York: Plume, 2003); Bernardo A. Huberman, The Laws of the Web: Patterns in the Ecology of Information (Boston: MIT Press, 2001). 11. Shirky, Here Comes Everybody, 123. 12. John Palfrey, Bruce Etling, and Robert Faris, “Reading Twitter in Tehran?” Washington Post, June 21, 2009. 13. Jose Antonio Vargas, “Grading WhiteHouse.gov,” Washington Post, March 24, 2009. 14. James Jay Carafano, “Social Networking and National Security: How to Harness Web 2.0 to Protect the Country,” [Heritage Foundation] Backgrounder, no. 2273 (May 18, 2009). 15. Quotes from Shirky, Here Comes Everybody, 269, 271, 294. 274 notes to Pages 25–31 Chapter 1 1. James Phillips, “Iran’s Sham Election: BuyingVotes with Potatoes,” Heritage Foundation WebMemo, no. 2480, June 11, 2009, http://www.heritage.org/Research/ MiddleEast/wm2480.cfm (accessed January 10, 2010). 2. BBC News.com, “Death video woman ‘targeted by militia,’” June 22, 2009, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8113552.stm (accessed February 16, 2009). 3. Robert G. Meadow, “Political Violence and the Media,” Marquette Law Review 93 (2009): 232. 4. Ruslana Margova and Irina Temnikova, “Catching the News: Two Cases from Today,” unpublished paper, Proceedings of the RANLP2009 Workshop “Events in Emerging Text types” (eETTs), Borovets, Bulgaria, September 17, 2009. 5. CNN.com, “‘Neda’ Becomes Rallying Cry for Iranian protests,” June 22, 2009, http://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/meast/06/21/iran.woman.twitter (accessed March 25, 2011). 6. Margova and Temnikova, “Catching the News.” 7. Brian Harmon, “Long Island University Announces Winners of 2009 George Polk Awards in Journalism,” Long Island University press release, February 16, 2010. 8. See, for example, CNN.com, “Iranian Envoy: CIA Involved in Neda’s Shooting?” CNN.com, June 25, 2009, http://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/meast/06/25/ iran.ambassador (accessed July 25, 2009). 9. Thomas Erdbrink and William Branigin, “Iranian Cleric Calls for ‘Ruthless’ Punishment of Protest Leaders,” Washington Post, June 27, 2009, A9. This claim was later expanded by PressTV (the Iranian government’s international Englishlanguage television news network) on January 5, 2010; PressTV aired an excerpt of a documentary claiming that the shooting video had been staged. 10. Adam Bly, ed. Science Is Culture (New York: Harper Perennial, 2010), 6. 11. Christopher C. Green, et al., Emerging Cognitive Neuroscience and Related Technologies (Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2008), 18–29. 12. See, for example, Christine Kenneally, The First Word: The Search for the Origins of Language (New York: Viking, 2007). 13. W. Enard, M. Przeworski, S. E. Fisher, C. S. Lai, V. Wiebe, T. Kitano, A. P. Monaco, and S. Paabo, “Molecular Evolution of FOXP2, a Gene Involved in Speech and Language,” Nature 418 (2002): 869–72; F. Liegeois, T. Baldeweg, A. Connelly, D. G. Gadlan, M. Mishkin, F. Vargh-Khadem, “Language fMRI Abnormalities Associated with FOXP2 Gene Mutation,” Nature Neuroscience 6 (2003): 1230–37; I. Teramitsu, S. A. White, “Motor Learning: The FoxP2 Puzzle Piece...

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