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     This chapter will examine the general nature and weight distribution of the ship’s ballast (Fig. -). The composition and possible geographic origin or origins of the stone ballast will be the subject of another chapter in a later volume. Stone ballast recovered from the wreck fell rather easily into three size categories: pebbles with diameters of some – cm; fist-sized cobbles usually – cm long; and larger stones weighing anywhere from  to  kg. The larger stones primarily consisted of blocks of beachrock and boulders of limestone and chalk. Intrusive Stones Not all the stones raised from the wreck site had belonged to the ship’s ballast. Many of the pebbles recovered had descended to the site over time before and after the ship’s sinking from the rocks above, where large numbers of pebbles occur. Other pebbles, cobbles, and small boulders, collected from a beach located on the western side of the harbor, were introduced to the site in small quantities at the end of the first excavation season as part of an effort to protect the wreck between campaigns with a layer of overburden. With a view to culling out this intrusive material, I made a comparative collection of pebbles from the rocks above the wreck and another collection of pebbles and cobbles from the chapter 13 Ballast Distribution and Weight Frederick H. van Doorninck, Jr. Illustrated by Sheila D. Matthews beach. In the event, it proved easy to recognize stones from the beach, since they were distinctly different in composition and were much cleaner and more polished than any of those on the wreck. Culling out local pebbles proved to be a far more difficult task. Of the pebbles I tentatively assigned to the wreck, no more than about half seem secure by reason of their being identical to the most common type of cobble ballast except in size. The rest quite possibly do not belong. Weight and General Distribution of Cobbles and Pebbles Cobbles and pebbles in any particular lot of artifacts were weighed separately on a double-pan market balance. From the start of the second excavation campaign on, the weighing was done at the excavation camp. The stones collected during the first campaign were not weighed until after the second campaign had ended, and some of the bags containing the stones had by then lost their identification tags. The number of cobbles of unknown provenance is thus considerably greater than would otherwise have been the case. Most of the cobbles are of limestone. The limestone cobbles of known provenance have a total weight of . kg. Figure - shows their distribution on the wreck. The locations of #   ,  ,    the beginning of either turn of the bilge in the hull and of frames P, I, E, B, , and  are indicated on the drawing so that the distribution of the stones can more easily be related to the structure of the hull. The total weight of the stones from each grid square is shown at the center of that square, while vertical bars are used to indicate the total weight of the stones from the individual  cm x  cm areas into which each  m grid square was divided. A scale has been included in the drawing so that bar length can be translated into weight in kilograms. In cases where the stones in a lot were collected from an area greater than  cm x  cm, their total weight has been equally distributed among all the  cm x  cm squares within that greater area. The limestone cobbles without provenance have a total weight of . kg. Thus the weight of all the limestone cobbles recovered is . kg, or . times the weight of the limestone cobbles of known provenance. The estimates of the total weight of limestone cobbles from various parts of the wreck given below correspond to the weight of the limestone cobbles known to have come from those areas multiplied by .. Figure - shows the wreck distribution for cobbles of other types of rock, principally chalk and not including beachrock, with a known provenance. These cobbles have a total weight of . kg, while such cobbles without provenance weigh . kg. Thus the weight of all other cobbles is . kg, or . times the weight of other cobbles of known provenance. This multiple has been used to estimate the total weight of other cobbles, except those of beachrock, in any particular wreck area. The distribution of cobbles and small pieces of beachrock, weighing in all only . kg, has not been illustrated. Fig. -. Distribution...

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