Undaunted: A Norwegian Woman in Frontier Texas

Notes

Notes C  . On elements of myth see Campbell, Hero with a Thousand Faces, . . Elise’s family history and education are in Clausen, Lady with the Pen, –. On parish registers as statistics see Nedrebo et al., How to Trace Your Ancestors, , . The youthful portrait appears in Higley, “Elise Tvede,” . Elise’s bible citations, Russell, Confession of Faith, –. On the embets as an elite corps, clergy within the embets class, and the state church, see Derry, History of Modern Norway, , ; Kirsten Seaver’s introduction to Collett, District Governor’s Daughters, . Discussion of the state church now is from Losneslokken interview, May , . . For Elise’s perspectives on human freedom and the value of practical work see Russell, Confession of Faith, , . Paul Johnson addresses agitated times and change for women in Birth of the Modern, –. On the industrial revolution see Encyclopedia Britannica, th ed., :–; cast-iron stoves treble Nes exports, Hamran letter, March , , p. ; birth rate change in Norway, Thorvald Moe, Demographic Developments, . . Clausen, Lady with the Pen, , –, , . . Clausen, Lady with the Pen, –, quote, . Drunkenness reached a peak in – due to invention of the still; Blegen, Norwegian Migration, . . Reiersen was a respected progressive editor in Norway; Nelson, “Introduction,” . He was described as the ablest editor in Norway; Clausen, Lady with the Pen, . See chapter on Texas in Reiersen, Pathfinder, –. . Elise quote on taking over Norge og Amerika is in Clausen, Lady with the Pen, . Elise letters to Gjestvang, October , , December , , January , , are in Overland, Fra Amerika til Norge. This multivolume work is the source for a collection of letters by Elise and many other Norwegian immigrants; the nineteenth-century letters cited in these notes without publication detail are either from Fra Amerika or in the document section of the bibliography. C  . For Drobak departure date and travel companions Wilhelm, Andersen, and Buch, see Elise Waerenskold, dispatch, Norge og Amerika, April , . Elise letter to Gjestvang, October , , p. ; rumor that Wilhelm was Foyn’s bookkeeper, Higley telephone interview, May , ; Clausen, Lady with the Pen, n. . Name of ship Ygdrasil, Elise dispatch April , , p. . Description of Ygdrasil in Norse mythology, Crossley-Holland, Norse Myths, xxiii–xxiv, , , , , . . Specifications and description of ship Ygdrasil, Austheim email, January , . . Account of Kock experience, Elise dispatch, April , , Norge og Amerika, p. . Kirkgaard of Trondheim Norge og Amerika editor, Syversen and Johnson, Norge i Texas, n. . Quote on leaving Norway, Elise dispatch April , , p. . . Arrival Havre de Grace (Le Havre), Elise dispatch April , , Norge og Amerika, p. ; Ygdrasil stop at Deal, Austheim email, January , . . List of market prices and customs check, Elise dispatch April , . . Comment on Consul Clausen, same letter. . Description of sailing ship passenger quarters and travel, berths, hatches, and sources of water are in Guillet, Great Migration, –, drawing of mess table and berths . Description of bunks, DeYbañez interview, October , . Quote on separation in bunks, Elise dispatch, Norge og Amerika, July , , p. ; hanging smoked meat and bread, p. . Fare prices, Elise dispatch April , , p. . Bathing took place in seawater-filled wooden tubs—men out on the main deck, depending on the weather and ship’s rules. Wooden buckets, the best made of cedar, served as toilets and were dumped overboard. For women the buckets would be set in a private area on the passenger deck. At night the men would resort to the buckets, but during the day they would relieve themselves at outhouse-type privies located forward ahead of the forecastle. Called “the head,” these facilities had outlets to the sea so that passing waves occasionally washed them clean. Water for drinking and laundering was stored in casks and five-gallon kegs filled from springs, ponds, and lakes near the shore; sometimes the water was simply dipped up from harbor rivers, polluted or pure, where ships lay at anchor. At sea rain was caught in vats or bailed from the scuppers specially blocked during storms; drinking water taken from the scuppers tasted of varnish. Clothing, diapers, sanitary napkins, and menstrual sponges were washed in seawater then rinsed in rainwater to get rid of the ocean salt residue. (“Head” defined, Benke, “Stories and History.” Sanitation, laundry, and personal care aboard ships, Druett, Hen Frigates, , –.) . Start of clipper ship building in Bath, Maine, in , Fairburn and Ritchie, Merchant Sail, p. ; index of vessels showing New England built in Bath  and rebuilt , p. . Identification of the ship with particulars, Arrison email, March ,  (author assumes responsibility for interpretation that this is Elise’s ship). Square footage of sails on New England compared to Ygdrasil, DeYbañez interview. Sickness, uncleanliness, and...