Journey into Darkness: Genocide in Rwanda

Notes

notes฀to฀pages฀xii–19฀ ฀ |฀ ฀ 279 Notes Foreword ฀ 1.฀฀General฀Reimer฀is฀referring฀to฀an฀incident฀that฀took฀place฀during฀ World฀War฀II฀and฀that฀he฀highlights฀in฀his฀memoirs฀as฀follows: In฀September฀1944,฀on฀the฀Crozon฀Peninsula,฀German฀MG฀ Hermann฀Ramcke฀asked฀to฀discuss฀surrender฀terms฀with฀the฀ American฀Army.฀General฀Ramcke฀was฀in฀his฀bunker.฀His฀staff฀ brought฀the฀8th฀Infantry฀Division’s฀Assistant฀Division฀Commander ,฀BG฀Charles฀Canham,฀down฀the฀concrete฀stairway฀to฀ the฀underground฀headquarters.฀Ramcke฀addressed฀Canham฀ through฀his฀interpreter.฀He฀said,฀“I฀am฀to฀surrender฀to฀you.฀Let฀ me฀see฀your฀credentials.”฀Pointing฀to฀the฀American฀infantrymen ฀crowding฀the฀dugout฀entrance,฀Canham฀replied,฀“These฀ are฀my฀credentials.” ฀ ฀ ฀ That฀sentiment฀is฀true฀today.฀Soldiers฀are฀our฀credentials.฀The฀ quote฀is฀taken฀from฀Gen.฀Dennis฀J.฀Reimer฀and฀James฀Jay฀Carafano,฀ Soldiers Are Our Credentials: The Collected Works and Selected Papers of the Thirty-third Chief of Staff, United States Army฀(Washington ,฀D.C.:฀Center฀of฀Military฀History,฀U.S.฀Army,฀2000).฀ Chapter 1 ฀ 1.฀฀Donald฀R.฀Morris,฀The Washing of the Spears, The Rise and Fall of the Zulu Nation฀(New฀York,฀New฀York:฀Simon฀and฀Schuster,฀1958). Chapter 2 ฀ 1.฀฀ Fred฀E.฀Wagoner,฀Dragon Rouge: The Rescue of Hostages in the Congo฀ (Washington,฀D.C.:฀National฀Defense฀University,฀1980). ฀ 2.฀฀ David฀Reed,฀111 Days in Stanleyville฀(New฀York:฀Harper฀&฀Row,฀ 1965). ฀ 3.฀฀ Frederic฀J.฀L.฀A.฀Vandewalle,฀L’Ommengang: Odysée et Reconquête du Stanleyville, 1964฀(Brussels,฀Belgium:฀Le฀Livre฀Africain,฀Collection฀ Temoinage฀Africain,฀1970).฀Vandewalle฀describes฀in฀detail฀his฀return฀ to฀the฀Congo฀in฀1964฀and฀the฀ultimate฀recapture฀of฀Stanleyville. 280฀ |฀฀ notes฀to฀pages฀31–60 ฀ 4.฀฀Maj.฀Thomas฀P.฀Odom,฀Leavenworth Paper #14: The Dragon Operations , Hostage Rescues in the Congo, 1964–1965฀(Fort฀Leavenworth,฀ Kans.:฀Combat฀Studies฀Institute,฀1988). ฀ 5.฀฀The฀tragedy฀of฀Peter’s฀death฀was฀captured฀by฀the฀simultaneous฀publication ฀of฀his฀death฀notice฀and฀an฀article฀by฀Sue฀McCarthy,฀his฀wife,฀ and฀Debra฀Kempe฀on฀making฀the฀most฀of฀a฀tour฀in฀the฀Middle฀East฀ with฀UNTSO.฀The฀article฀ends฀with฀the฀admonition,฀“We฀trust฀you฀ will฀appreciate฀your฀every฀moment.”฀Debra฀Kempe฀and฀Sue฀McCarthy ,฀“Just฀a฀moment฀.฀.฀.฀in฀the฀Middle฀East,”฀U.N.T.S.O. News,฀vol.฀9,฀ no.1,฀Feb.,฀1988. ฀ 6.฀฀Robin฀Higgins,฀Patriot Dreams: The Murder of Colonel Rich Higgins฀ (Quantico,฀Va.:฀Marine฀Corps฀Association,฀1999),฀pp.฀1–19.฀Robin฀ quotes฀some฀letters฀that฀Rich฀sent฀her฀after฀he฀had฀taken฀command.฀In฀ them฀he฀confirms฀what฀I฀thought฀at฀the฀time.฀Rich฀was฀indeed฀out฀to฀ prove฀that฀an฀American฀could฀do฀the฀job. ฀ 7.฀฀United฀Nations฀Information฀Centre,฀Washington,฀D.C.,฀press฀release,฀ “Secretary-General,฀Accepting฀Nobel฀Peace฀Prize,฀Says฀Award฀is฀‘Tribute ’฀to฀Those฀Who฀Made฀United฀Nations฀Peace-Keeping฀a฀Reality,”฀ Dec.฀9,฀1988. ฀ 8.฀฀Lt.฀Col.฀Thomas฀P.฀Odom,฀Shaba II: The French and Belgian Intervention in Zaire in 1978฀(Fort฀Leavenworth,฀Kans.:฀Combat฀Studies฀Institute ,฀1993). ฀ 9.฀฀As฀quoted฀in฀Gen.฀Robert฀H.฀Scales,฀Certain Victory: The U.S. Army in the Gulf War฀(Washington,฀D.C.฀:฀Office฀of฀the฀Chief฀of฀Staff,฀U.S.฀ Army,฀1993),฀p.฀51.฀The฀author฀was฀a฀principal฀researcher฀and฀writer฀ for฀Certain Victory. ฀10.฀฀Higgins,฀Patriot Dreams,฀pp.฀192,฀198. ฀11.฀฀Scales,฀Certain Victory. Chapter 3 ฀ 1.฀฀The฀31st฀Para฀regiment฀had฀been฀formed฀in฀the฀late฀1970s฀under฀ French฀advisors.฀The฀1977฀Shaba฀I฀War฀both฀shocked฀and฀embarrassed฀ Mobutu.฀The฀Paras฀were฀supposed฀to฀be฀the฀backbone฀of฀a฀spineless฀ FAZ.฀The฀Shaba฀II฀War฀in฀1978฀caught฀them฀only฀partially฀trained฀ with฀one฀marginally฀effective฀battalion฀under฀then฀Major฀Mahele.฀At฀ Mobutu’s฀direct฀orders,฀Mahele฀jumped฀one฀untrained฀company฀on฀ Kolwezi฀before฀the฀French฀or฀Belgians฀could฀get฀there.฀That฀resulted฀in฀ the฀loss฀of฀the฀company฀and฀the฀death฀of฀a฀number฀of฀hostages.฀Other฀ units฀soon฀eclipsed฀the฀31st฀as฀the฀star฀in฀Mobutu’s฀military฀crown.฀ See฀Odom,฀Shaba II. ฀ 2.฀฀Devlin฀was฀the฀CIA฀station฀chief฀throughout฀the฀1960s.฀He฀is฀regarded฀ as฀the฀man฀who฀created฀Mobutu,฀a฀description฀supported฀by฀the฀fact฀ that฀he฀went฀to฀work฀for฀Mo฀after฀he฀retired.฀For฀an฀excellent฀account฀ of฀early฀1960s฀shenanigans,฀see฀Madelaine฀G.฀Kalb,฀The Congo Cables: notes฀to฀pages฀109–54฀ ฀ |฀ ฀ 281 The Cold War in Africa—From Eisenhower to Kennedy฀(New฀York:฀ Macmillan฀Publishing฀Co.,฀1982). Chapter 4 ฀ 1.฀฀Shaharyar฀M...