Yellow Dogs and Republicans: Allan Shivers and Texas Two-Party Politics

Index

Page numbers in italic type refer to illustrations index academic freedom, restrictions on UT’s, 27–29 Acers, Maurice, 86, 103, 117–19, 169n 16, 172n 12 Adams, Sherman, 94–95, 97, 122 African Americans: increased voter power in North, 25; as original Republicans in Texas, 71; post-WWII pressures on segregation , 31–33, 34; pressures on traditional political system, 30, 38; and school integration, 127, 137–41, 173n 35; and Shivers’s opposition to integration, 109– 10; Shivers’s paternalistic attitude toward, 41, 55, 108; state parks segregation challenge , 55–56; whites’ electoral courting of, 39. See also race relations agriculture: bracero migrant worker program, 33, 43, 57; and business pressure on worker wages, 43–44; Depression effects in Texas, 13; Farm Bureau, 68, 69; Shary’s fortune in, 15–16 Aikin, A. M., 48 Alger, Bruce, 123 Allred, James V., 16–18, 20, 24, 27 American G.I. Forum, 34, 56, 57–58 Americans for Democratic Action, 142 Anderson, Robert B., 98 anticommunist campaigns. See communism antilynching laws, 25, 48 anti-New Deal faction, 19, 20–24, 26, 27, 29– 30 Ashmore, Harry, 74 attorney general, role of Texas state, 42 ballot reform under Shivers, 43 Barkley, Alben, 58 Bartley, Numan, 49, 97, 127 Beaumont, Texas, 13, 14, 32 Beaumont Journal, 36–37 Benavides Independent School District (ISD), 101–102 Bentsen, Elmer, 107 Bentsen, Lloyd M., Jr., 147 Bentsen, Lloyd M., Sr., 71, 106, 107, 110, 120 Berlin, Edgar, 53, 69, 106 Biddle, Francis, 32 Blakely, William “Dollar Bill,” 144, 147 Blunderbuss, 12, 153n 17 Board of Insurance Commissioners, 107 board of regents, UT, 27–28 Box, John C., 10 bracero migrant worker program, 33, 43, 57 Brammer, Billy, 145 Briscoe, Dolph, 68, 69–70 Broadfoot, A. S., 102 Brown, Herman, 36 Brownell, Herbert, 98, 103, 140 Brown II ruling, Supreme Court, 125 Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 4, 108 budget crises in Texas government, 21, 42, 54–55, 66, 104–105. See also tax issues Burris, Ed, 53–54 Busby, Horace, 133 Bush, George Herbert Walker, 147 business elites: anti-New Deal position of, 27; fears of labor unions, 25; and low agricultural workers’ wages, 43–44; and low state spending, 162–63n 1; Shivers’s control over, 54–55, 67–68; Shivers’s support for, 53, 119–20, 142–43, 148, 149; and Texas Establishment, 20, 30–31, 33–34, 118–19, 136. See also oil and gas industry Butler, Paul, 123 Byrd, Harry, 29 Byrnes, James F., 74, 87, 92, 94, 124 Cactus, 11, 12 Calvert, Robert S., 66 Carpenter, John, 75 Caucasian Race Resolution, 33–34 Chapman, Oscar, 90 charity institutions, FBI investigation of Texas, 102–103 Chiles, M. P., 102 CIO (Congress of Industrial Organizations), 37 Citizens’ Council movement, 126, 128, 139 civil rights movement: American G.I. Forum, 34, 56, 57–58; campaign of avoidance, 92; challenges to Shivers, 55–59; factional split over, 44–45, 46, 47; Shivers’s opposition to, 79, 80, 110; state legislature’s initial response, 47–50. See also segregation Clark, Robert L., 93 Clark, Tom, 60, 61, 62 class, socioeconomic: and Anglo/Tejano relations, 33; middle class, 4, 5, 31, 126; working class, 4, 10. See also elites, Texas; labor movement Clement, Frank, 142 Clifford, Clark, 45, 87–88 “Clique” at UT, 11–12 Coffer, John, 123 Collier, Lillian, 85 Collins, Carr, 39 Collins, LeRoy, 128 Collins, V. A., 39 communism: criticism of Texas’ migrant labor practices as, 57; as excuse for perpetuation of segregation, 32; fears of influence at UT, 27–29; fears of labor as ally of, 22– 23; Shivers’s red-baiting tactics, 80, 103– 104, 105–106, 112 comptroller, role of Texas state, 42 Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), 37 Connally, John, 147 Connally, Tom, 25, 26, 61, 75 conservatives: and ballot reform, 43; decline of Texas Democratic bloc, 128–29; Dixiecrats , 45, 46–47, 65, 125; early attempt to control state party, 20, 25–26; pressure on Shivers to support, 53–54; Shivers as, 13, 16, 18, 19, 23, 41; and Shivers’s control of state Democratic Party, 64, 66, 80, 82– 88, 128–29, 132, 134, 135; and state Democratic Party tensions, 37–38; and Texas as middle-road Southern state, 64; and traditional Southern politics, 3–4, 5–6. See also national vs. state Democratic parties; Republican Party consolidation of rural education districts, 48–49 Constitution, Texas, 42, 149 consumer taxes as Texas tax base, 16, 55, 68, 143 conventions, party political: local Democratic, 29, 82...