In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:

273 | “The Population is Overwhelmingly Mexican” 33.The shipment included three boxes of .30–.30 Winchester rifles and ten boxes of ammunition that totaled ten thousand rounds. Captain Frank A. Barton to Adjutant General,Department of Texas,May 7,1911,Records of the Department of State Relating to the Internal Affairs of Mexico, 1910–1929, Film 812.00: 1908, RG 13. 34. U.S. Department of State. Reports of special agents to Bureau of Investigation concerning activities in the Big Bend district. Records of the Department of State Relating to the Internal Affairs of Mexico, 1910–1929, Film 812.00: 7713, RG 26. 35.Deputy Collector J.R.Weisiger to Dr.A.H.Evans,Collector of Customs,May 27, 1913,Records of the Department of State Relating to the Internal Affairs of Mexico,1910–1929, Film 812.00: 7794, RG 26. 36. As a matter of fact, the report indicated that many Mexicans living in the Marfa area visited Ortega during his incarceration, among them the local judge, who indicated a willingness to help the rebel secure his freedom from jail. U.S. Department of State. Reports of special agents to Bureau of Investigation concerning activities in the Big Bend district. Records of the Department of State Relating to the Internal Affairs of Mexico, 1910–1929, Film 812.00: 7867, RG 26. 37.These reports indicate the presence of armed groups in the United States that crossed into Mexico at one point or another during the early phase of the Madero revolution. Luther T. Ellsworth to Philander Knox, Secretary of State, November 24, 1910, Records of the Department of State Relating to the Internal Affairs of Mexico, 1910– 1929, Film 812.00: 504, RG 10; Unknown to Secretary of State, December 24, 1910, Records of the Department of State Relating to the Internal Affairs of Mexico, 1910–1929, Film 812.00: 618, RG 10; and Assistant Secretary of War Robert Shaw Oliver to Philander Knox, Secretary of State, January 6, 1911, Records of the Department of State Relating to the Internal Affairs of Mexico, 1910–1929, Film 812.00: 619, RG 10. 38. Luther T. Ellsworth to Secretary of State, January 31, 1911, Records of the Department of State Relating to the Internal Affairs of Mexico, 1910–1929, Film 812.00: 720, RG 11. 39. U.S. Department of State, Internal Affairs of Mexico, 1910–1929, by unknown special agent of the Bureau of Investigation. Report on U.S. v. Malías C. García et al., July 8, 1913, Records of the Department of State Relating to the Internal Affairs of Mexico, 1910–1929, Film 812.00: 8060, RG 27. 40. Brigadier General Tasker H. Bliss to the Adjutant General of the U.S. Army, April 19, 1913, Records of the Department of State Relating to the Internal Affairs of Mexico, 1910–1929, Film 812.00: 7229, RG 25. 41.“Return from Chisos Mines,” Alpine Avalanche ( January 19, 1911). 42.“Federals AbandonTown of Ojinaga,” El Paso MorningTimes (May 20, 1911): 1. 43. Oscar Lesser Norwald contends that Villa paid Mercado to abandon the city. John Eusebio Klingemann | 274 Moreover, Norwald stated that he and another man, in the company of two hundred soldiers that Mercado had abandoned, formally handed the city over to Villa. Oscar Lesser Norwald,interview by Rubén Osorio,tape recording,1975,collection not catalogued ,Archives of the Big Bend, Sul Ross State University,Alpine,TX. 44.Earl Elam,“Revolution on the Border:The U.S.Army in the Big Bend and the Battle of Ojinaga, 1913–1914,” WestTexas Historical AssociationYearbook 46 (1990): 5–25; and Gerald G. Raun, “Refugees or Prisoners of War:The Internment of a Mexican Federal Army after the Battle of Ojinaga, December 1913–January 1914,” The Journal of Big Bend Studies 12 (2000): 133–165. 45. Lona Teresa O’Neal Whittington, “The Road of Sorrow: Mexican Refugees Who Fled Pancho Villa through Presidio,Texas, 1913–1914” (M.A.Thesis, Sul Ross State University,Alpine,Texas, 1976): 12. 46.R.A.Brown to Commanding General,Southern Department,Fort Sam Houston ,Texas, National Archives,Washington D.C., RG 393, E4439, Box 4, 3172; and Report from Supervising Inspector at El Paso,Texas, to Commissioner General of Immigration , National Archives, December 12, 1913,Washington D.C., RG 85, 53018/71I. 47. Mercado, Revelaciones Históricas, 58–59. 48. It seems the immigration agents stationed at Presidio wanted to prevent the purchase of weapons in the United States and therefore asked whether the refugees...

Share