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153 | The El Paso Race Riot of 1916 with General Pershing . . . How could I forget, young man? Not even my injury was going to keep me from seeing PanchoVilla). (Unless otherwise noted, all translations are my own.) Hortencia Villegas, interview by Oscar J. Martínez, February 17, 1976, interview 235, transcript, Institute of Oral History, Special Collections, University of Texas at El Paso. 44. On October 26, 1915,Villa assembled the inhabitants of Colonia Morelos, Sonora , and delivered one of his most notable public speeches. His remarks were heavily laden with anti-American rhetoric.Villa promised that he would,“rescue the settlers from the tyranny of the North American Mormons, who exploit, vilify, and assassinate the Mexicans in the region.” Charles H. Harris and Louis Sadler,“PanchoVilla and the Columbus Raid:The Missing Documents,” New Mexico Historical Review L (October 1975): 335–346; Juan Gómez-Quiñones,“The Plan de San Diego Reviewed,” Aztlán: Chicano Journal of the Social Sciences and the Arts 1 (Spring 1970): 125. In El Paso,Villa’s anti-American rhetoric troubled many Anglo residents there and in parts of northern Mexico and it made them fear for their safety. Letter from U.S. Consul Edwards to Secretary of State Lansing, stating that “distress and fear is evident on every face [in Juárez and El Paso],” December 28, 1915, Records of the Department of State Relating to Internal Affairs of Mexico,1910–1929,National Archives Microfilm,Microcopy No. 274, Records of the Department of State Relating to Internal Affairs of Mexico, 1910–29, Roll 50, 812.00/16776–17150,The National Archives and Records Service, Washington, D.C., 1959; and telegram from Zach Cobb to Secretary of State, stating that “[El Paso] as a whole is stirred deeply with quiet indignation because of the [SantaYsabel] murders,” January 11, 1916, Records of the Department of State Relating to Internal Affairs of Mexico,1910–1929,National Archives Microfilm,Microcopy No. 274, Records of the Department of State Relating to Internal Affairs of Mexico, 1910–29, Roll 50, 812.00/16776–17150,The National Archives and Records Service, Washington, D.C., 1959. 45. “Mutilated Corpses of Murdered Americans Brought to El Paso,” El Paso MorningTimes ( January 13, 1916): 1. 46. Report received by Commanding General, Eighth Brigade, Fort Bliss,Texas, “Weekly Report of General Conditions along the Mexican Border,” January 15, 1916, no. 148, Headquarters Southern Department, Fort Sam Houston, Texas, Division of Mexican Affairs, National Archives Microfilm, Microcopy No. 274, Records of the Department of State Relating to Internal Affairs of Mexico,1910–29,Roll 51,812.00/ 17151–17575, The National Archives and Records Service, Washington, D.C., 1959 [hereafter,“Weekly report”]. 47. “Consul Edwards of Juárez Jeered by American Crowds in El Paso,” El Paso Herald ( January 13, 1916): 3;“El Pasoans Petition President to Remove Consul T. D. Edwards,” El Paso MorningTimes ( January 14, 1916): 5. Miguel A. Levario | 154 48.“Rodríguez Reported Prisoner,” El Paso Herald ( January 13, 1916): 1. 49.“Mexicans Chased Across Border,” San Antonio Express ( January 14, 1916): 2. 50.“Crowd Starts Riot on Broadway;Officers and Soldiers Stop It,” El Paso Herald ( January 14, 1916): 1. 51. Hortencia Villegas, interview by Oscar J. Martínez, February 17, 1976. Interview 235, transcript, Institute of Oral History, University of Texas at El Paso. 52. Crowds formed at Overland and Santa Fe Street, traveled along Santa Fe to Fifth, thence to El Paso, back along El Paso to Second, thence to Broadway, along Broadway to Overland, where they encountered still other crowds. “Villistas Vagged and Driven From El Paso, Near Riots and Sporadic Fighting in Downtown Streets Culmination of Day of Excitement Following Funerals of Masscre Victims,” El Paso MorningTimes ( January 14, 1916): 1. 53. Report received by Commanding General, Eighth Brigade, Fort Bliss,Texas, “Weekly report”; and “Villistas Vagged and Driven From El Paso,” El Paso Morning Times ( January 14, 1916): 1. 54. El Paso’s “Second Ward” was primarily inhabited by Mexicans and Mexican Americans.The area stretches east from the downtown area and along the Rio Grande. 55.Villegas, interview, February 17, 1976. 56.“Carranza Orders Assassins Captured Dead or Alive,” San Antonio Express ( January 14, 1916); “Mexicans Chased Across Border,” San Antonio Express ( January 14, 1916). 57.“Americans Fighting Mexicans in El Paso,” NewYorkTimes ( January 14, 1916); Pershing to Funston, Fort Bliss,Texas, January 17, 1916, National Archives Records of the Department of State, Relating to Internal Affairs of Mexico...

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