White-Tailed Deer Habitat: Ecology and Management on Rangelands

Index

activity centers. See home range; activity centers in Alaska, 67 Arizona, 33, 34 Arkansas, 105 Big Bend National Park, 18 biomass estimation. See estimation methods (for vegetation sampling ): for biomass Boone and Crockett deer scoring system , 188, 192 Box, Thad, 157 brush management, 35, 65, 137, 139–79; chemical methods of, 164–68; chemical versus mechanical treatment , 168; and deer habitat preferences , 144–47; and desired posttreatment landscape, 146–47; by fire, 168–79; —, advantages and disadvantages of, 178; —, controlled versus prescribed, 168; —, historical use of, 63–64; —, objectives of, 169–70; —, and woody plants (cover), 149, 173–76; history of, 140; mechanical methods of, 148–64; —, plant removal, 148–57; —, top removal 157–66; planning for, 140–47; and pre-management considerations, 145–46 Canada, 51 carbohydrates, 48 carrying capacity, 87–102; and livestock stocking rates, 111–14; and usable space, 28, 96. See also carrying capacity models; deer density: and carrying capacity; estimation methods (for vegetation); forage; harvest management; Appendix 3 carrying capacity models: forage-based model, 88, 90–96, 98, 184; Icarrying model, 185; K-carrying model, 88–89, 181, 185; key area/key species model, 99; nutritionalbased model, 90–94, 96–98; production /unit area model, 89, 89 (fig. 4.2). See also carrying capacity cellulose, 48, 69 Chaparral Wildlife Management Area, 95, 97, 178 Clements, Frederic E., 70, 72–73; and theory of succession, 70–74 cover, 3, 4, 9, 23–27, 35, 140–47; herbaceous , 27, 143–44; and species richness, 25; types of, 23–24; —, bedding, 23, 27; —, loafing, 23; —, security, 23, 25, 141; —, thermal, 23, 25, 141; woody plant canopy, 24–27, 25 (fig. 1.16), 26 (fig. 1.17), 32, 33, 141–47; removal (see brush management ); and space, 29 Cowles, Henry C., 70 deer density: and carrying capacity, 87– 90, 88 (fig. 4.1), 89 (fig. 4.2), 116; and cover, 25–26, 29, 141, 142 (fig. 7.1), 160 (fig. 7.15); and density dependent /independent populations, 181–82, 192; and food availability/choice, 88, 98, 109 deer species: axis, 117, 118, 119; blacktailed , 83; fallow, 116, 117; mule, 4, 5, 32–33, 83, 109; —, hybridization of, 33; Old World deer, 39; red, 49, 126; sika, 117, 119; white-tailed; —, Carmen Mountain’s, 17, 18, 22, 29, 32, 34, 44, 116; —, Coues, 34. See also 117 (fig. 5.6); Appendix 1 disturbance ecology, 59, 73, 75, 76, 77–78; intermediate hypothesis of, 77. See also species diversity; species richness drylands. See rangelands Dyksterhuis range condition model, 76, 77 235 Index ecological site. See rangeland habitat: as range site ecological succession, 70–74 ecosystems, 57, 62–65, 116; degradation of, 67–68; and energy flow, 69; and hydrologic cycle, 68–69 energy (caloric). See food and nutrition: and energy (caloric) requirements E. S. George Reserve, 57 estimation methods (for vegetation sampling), 91, 95–96; for available forage, 94–96; for biomass; —, of herbaceous vegetation, 90–92; —, of browse, 92–94; by dimensional analysis, 92, 93–94, 100; by ecological site, 98; by key area and key species , 99–100; by range site, 98; by reference unit analysis, 92–93, 94, 100; by twig length and diameter analysis, 94, 101, 102; using tame deer enclosures, 98–99; for utilization of browse, 100–102; by volumetric sampling frame analysis, 92, 100. See also carrying capacity; carrying capacity models; Appendix 3 fauna (other than deer mentioned in text): arthropods, 66, 77; birds, 125; bison, 77; bobcats, 116; bobwhites, 77; cattle (see livestock management issues); cottontails (see fauna, lagamorphs); coyotes, 115, 114; elk, 98, 109, 116; feral pigs, 132; goats, 51, 83, 84, 105 (see also livestock management issues); harvester ants, 96; insects, 125; jackrabbits, 88, 116, 125; lagomorphs, 96, 110, 125; moose, 67; mountain lions, 116; nematodes , 77; nilgai antelope, 117, 118; ocelots, 61; pronghorn antelope, 63; rabbits (see fauna, lagomorphs ); raccoons, 125; rodents, 110, 125; sheep, 51, 84 (see also livestock management issues); skunks, 125; termites, 67 (fig. 3.6), 77; wild turkeys, 110, 125 food and nutrition, 3, 9–10, 35–57; and competition from exotic ungulates, 88, 116–18, 119; and diet composition , 14–23, 17 table 1.1, 19 (fig. 1.11), 20 (fig. 1.12), 22–23; and diet selection , 40, 51–52, 53, 57, 79; and energy (caloric) requirements, 24, 27, 37, 42–46, 43 (fig. 2.2), 60, 69; quality of, 52–53; and reproduction , 47–48, 50; and sex differences, 53, 57; and supplemental feeding, 124 (fig. 6.2), 125–26 (see also food...