The Liberal Project and the Transformation of Democracy: The Case of East Central Europe

NOTES

NOTES CHAPTER ONE 1. I retain the traditional term “Eastern Europe” to refer to those European postcommunist states that were not part of the Soviet Union. 2. Sabrina Ramet, Whose Democracy? Nationalism, Religion, and the Doctrine of Collective Rights in Post-1989 Eastern Europe (Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Little- field, 1997). 3. Shashi Tharoor, “Are Human Rights Universal?” World Policy Journal 16, no. 4 (1999/2000): 3. 4. See the exposition in Petr Kropotkin, Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution (Boston: Porter Sargent, 1902), especially the introduction and chaps. 3, 7–8. 5. Heinrich A. Rommen, The State in Catholic Thought: A Treatise in Political Philosophy (New York: B. Herder, 1945; reprinted by Greenwood Press, 1969), 155. 6. Here I am evidently following in the footsteps of Polish liberal Mirosl -aw Dzielski, who, in his Duch nadchodzaego czasu (Wrocl -aw: Wektory, 1989) reportedly endeavored to identify a common ground between Catholicism and liberalism. See the summary of Dzielski’s views in Jerzy Szacki, Liberalism after Communism (Budapest : Central European University Press, 1995), 178–80. For further discussions of the relationship between Catholicism and liberalism, see Kenneth L. Grasso, Gerard V. Bradley, and Robert Hunt, eds., Catholicism, Liberalism, and Communitarianism : The Catholic Intellectual Tradition and the Moral Foundations of Democracy (Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield, 1995); John Langan, S. J., “Catholicism and Liberalism—200 Years of Contest and Consensus,” in R. Bruce Douglass, Gerald M. Mara, and Henry S. Richardson, eds., Liberalism and the Good (New York: Routledge, 1990); and R. Bruce Douglass and David Hollenbach, eds., Catholicism and Liberalism: Contributions to American Public Philosophy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994). 7. Aquinas, who did much to develop the theory of Natural Law, also had this to say about civic equality: “Political [as opposed to despotic] government is the leadership of free and equal people; and so the roles of leader and led (ruler and ruled) are swapped about for the sake of equality, and many people get to be constituted ruler either in one position or responsibility or in a number of such positions”; from In libros Politocorum Aristotelis, as quoted in John Finnis, “Is Natural Law Theory Compatible with Limited Government?” in Robert George, ed., Natural Law, Liberalism, and Morality: Contemporary Essays (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996), 2. 8. See Dudley R. Knowles, “A Reformulation of the Harm Principle,” Political Theory 6, no. 2 (1978): 233–46. Regarding Kant on equality, see Allen W. Wood, Kant’s Ethical Thought (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 132–39. 9. See Norberto Bobbio, Thomas Hobbes and the Natural Law Tradition, trans. by Daniela Gobetti (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993). 10. Thomas Hobbes, Preface to On the Citizen, trans. from Latin and ed. by Richard Tuck and Michael Silverthorne (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 9–10. 11. Max Stirner, The Ego and His Own, trans. from German by Steven T. Byington, ed. by James J. Martin (New York: Libertarian Book Club, 1963). See also R. W. K. Paterson, The Nihilist Egoist: Max Stirner (London: Oxford University Press, 1971). 12. As Stephen Holmes points out rather indirectly in “The Permanent Structure of Antiliberal Thought,” in Nancy L. Rosenblum, ed., Liberalism and the Moral Life (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1989), 230. 13. Quoted in Henry S. Richardson, “The Problem of Liberalism and the Good,” in Rosenblum, Liberalism and the Moral Life, 1. 14. Rommen, State in Catholic Thought, 275. 15. Quoted in Rudolf Rocker, Nationalism and Culture, trans. from German by Ray E. Chase (Montreal: Black Rose Books, 1998), 174. CHAPTER TWO 1. L. W. Sumner, The Moral Foundation of Rights (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987). 2. John Warren, “The Ethics and Morality of the Ancient Egyptians,” at touregypt .net/featurestories.ethics.htm [accessed on 18 July 2006]. 3. “Library of Halexandria: Sumerian” (last updated 21 April 2004), at www .halexandria.org/dward183.htm and www.halexandria.org/dward187.htm [accessed on 18 July 2006]. 4. Richard Hooker, Of the Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity, ed. by Arthur Stephen McGrade (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), First Book, 77. 5. John Locke, Two Treatises of Government, ed. by Peter Laslett (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), Second Treatise, 271 (capitalization as given). 130 NOTES TO PAGES 3–10 6. See Adrienne Koch, Jefferson and Madison: The Great Collaboration (New York: Knopf, 1964); and Gary Rosen, American Compact: James Madison and the Problem of Founding (Lawrence, Kan.: University Press of Kansas, 1999). 7. See Thomas Hobbes, On...