African Americans in South Texas History

Index

Index ฀ 341฀ abolitionists, 35, 38 Adair, Christia Daniels, 16 Africa, Olga Davis’s travels to, 65, 314, 323–25 African Americans. See black Americans African Methodist Episcopal (AME) churches, 103, 114 AgelessWomen,Timeless Stories (Davis), 313, 321 agriculture, 182. See also cattle industry Americanization programs, 186 American Missionary Association (AMA), 99–100, 104, 111, 124 Andrews, Charles, 20 Andrews, Curley, 247 Andrews, Mary, 286 Anglo-Americans: in multicultural communities,257–58,260;perceptions of blacks,36–37,68,72–73, 104,121;racial attitudes of,119–20, 122–23;and racial violence,58,59,60 antidiscrimination ordinance, 295–302 antilynching legislation, 213–14 antislavery campaigns, 35, 38 Arnesen, Eric, 158 Artemisia (Davis), 21, 313, 321 Bailey, Forrest, 208–209 Ball,William B., 14 ballrooms, 19, 258, 260, 266–70. See also Galvan Ballroom Baptist churches, 42, 104, 113, 114 Barney, C. O., 162–63, 167 Barr,Alwyn, 162 baseball. See black professional baseball; Major league baseball Baugh, C. Don, 283, 286–90, 292 Bell,“Cool Papa,” 242 Bellinger, Charles, 15–16, 210–11, 212, 214–15, 218 Bellinger,Valmo C.: and desegregation, 292, 295, 298–99, 301; and election politics, 16, 215, 220, 228–30, 233; on Maury Maverick’s administration , 222; and the white primary, 224 Benson, Peter, 121 Berry, Gemeral, Jr., 315 Bethune, Mary Mcleod, 321, 322 Bexar County, 207, 208, 212 Bexar County Educational league, 218 Bichsell, George, 287 Bill of rights, 214 Black, Claude W., Jr., 21, 285–86, 291, 293, 295–97, 299–300, 302 black Americans: perceived inferiority of, 36–37, 68, 72–73, 104, 121; portrayal of, 40–41; role in development of south Texas, 22–23; role in party politics, 7; women, 16–17, 72–75. See also free blacks; freedmen; slaves and slavery Black Codes, 31–34, 36–37, 48, 58–59 black communities: in Africa, 323–24; churches in, 103, 104–105, 110–14, 124; and civic projects, 123; in Corpus Christi, 1, 99–100, 105–10; cultural traditions of, 91, 94, 265–66, 318–19; economic opportunities in, 105–10, 112–13, 124; educational opportunities in, 2–3, 13–15, 90–91, 102–105, 114–19, 124; and Jim Crow laws and practices, 134–35; music and dance in, 19, 257–58, 267–70; need for self-sufficiency, 104; press coverage of events in, 122–23; race relations in, 119–22, 124, 264–65; and railroad employment , 152–53; role of churches in, 90; role of white women in, 16–17; 342฀ Index black communities (cont.) and urban migration, 103, 123–24; writers in, 17–18, 21. See also Cologne ; Kingsville black labor issues: Colored Trainmen of America, 13, 156–57, 158–60, 164–66; exclusion from white unions, 153, 155; health and welfare policies, 169–70; low wages, 164–65, 167; strikes, 158–60, 168–70; unemployment , 157, 162–63, 166–67; urban migration, 154; working agreements, 160–61, 163–66, 167; working conditions, 158, 163–65 Blackley, Madame, 16–17 black professional baseball: effects of desegregation on, 243–44, 254; Houston Eagles, 18, 242–53, 255; Negro American league, 242–45, 248–52; post-World War II popularity of, 242; role in black communities, 18 black voting bloc in san Antonio, 210–13, 215, 219–23, 225–31 black women, 16–17, 72–75 Boarman (judge), 144–45, 147 Booker, C.A., 212 boss rule, 56, 59 “Bound to Come”(newspaper article),41 Bowden,Artemisia, 14, 21, 321 Branch, Jacob, 6 Brattan, James P., 9 Brewer, J. Mason, 17–18 Brotherhood of railway Trainmen (BrT), 155–59, 165–66, 170 Brown decision. See Oliver Brown v. the Board of Education ofTopeka, Kansas Brumfield,Voris, 315 Bureau of refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned lands. See Freedmen’s Bureau Burks,William Franklin, 57 Burns, Harry, 282, 286, 291, 293, 295, 297, 299 businessmen, black, 10–11, 86, 109–10 Callis, Charles r., 194–95, 198, 200 Campanella, roy, 242, 243, 249 Campbell, ralph, 4–5 Castillo, leonei Jabier, 293 Catholic church and desegregation of parochial schools, 283 cattle industry: black ranchers and cowboys, 9, 90, 102, 107; in Corpus Christi, 106–109; economic importance of, 46, 56–58; and railroads, 151; and slavery, 5; and trail drives, 90, 93, 102, 108–109 Cattle War, 119–20 Cayton, Horace, 159 Centerville. See Cologne Chambers, C. M., 220 churches in black communities, 90, 103–105, 110–14, 124. See also specific churches and denominations citizenship rights of blacks, 133, 147 civil rights, 86–88, 207 Civil rights acts, 104–105, 120–21...