To Get a Better School System: One Hundred Years of Education Reform in Texas

Notes

Notes introduction 1. B. F. Pittenger, “Annie Webb Blanton,” Texas Outlook, January 1946, 19. 2. “Resolutions Passed by House of Delegates,” Texas Outlook, January 1946, 22. 3. Chas. H. Tennyson, “How They Became Law,” Texas Outlook, August 1950, 18. 4. Robert A. Calvert and Arnoldo De León, The History of Texas, 2nd ed. (Wheeling, Ill.: Harlan Davidson, 1996), 354. 5. Lawrence A. Cremin, The Transformation of the School: Progressivism in American Education , 1876–1957 (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1961). 6. David B. Tyack, The One Best System: A History of American Urban Education (Cambridge , Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1974); William A. Link, A Hard Country and a Lonely Place: Schooling, Society, and Reform in Rural Virginia, 1870–1920 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1986); William A. Link, The Paradox of Southern Progressivism, 1880–1930 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1992); Diane Ravitch, Left Back: A Century of Battles Over School Reform (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000). 7. Fredrick Eby, Education in Texas (Austin: The University of Texas Press, 1925); C. E. Evans, The Story of Texas Schools (Austin, Tex.: The Steck Company, 1955); Thad Stitton and Milam C. Rowold, Ringing the Children In: Texas Country Schools (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1987); Luther Bryan Clegg, ed., The Empty Schoolhouse: Memories of One-Room Texas Schools (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1997); Guadalupe San Miguel Jr., “Let All of Them Take Heed”: Mexican American and the Campaign for Educational Equality in Texas, 1910–1981 (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1987), and Brown, Not White: School Integration and the Chicano Movement in Houston (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2001); Robyn Duff Landino, Desegregating Texas Schools: Eisenhower, Shivers, and the Crisis at Mansfield High (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1996); William Henry Kellar, Make Haste Slowly: Moderates, Conservatives, and School Desegregation in Houston (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1999); Carlos Kevin Blanton, The Strange Career of Bilingual Education in Texas, 1836–1981 (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2004). 8. Rae Files Still, The Gilmer-Aikin Bills: A Study in the Legislative Process (Austin, Tex.: The Steck Company, 1950). 9. George Norris Green, The Establishment inTexas Politics:The PrimitiveYears, 1938–1957 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1979). chapter 1 1. Mattie Austin Hatcher, “Plan of Stephen F. Austin for an Institute of Modern Languages at San Felipe de Austin,” Texas Historical Association Quarterly 12 (January 1909): 231. 2. William Ransom Hogan, The Texas Republic: A Social and Economic History (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1969), 136. 106 notes to pages 8–14 3. Evans, 52. 4. Texas Constitution (1845), art. 10, sec. 1, in Documents of Texas History, 2nd ed., eds. Ernest Wallace, David M. Vigness, and George B. Ward. (Austin: Texas State Historical Association , 2002) reprinted from United States, 29th Cong., 1st sess., House Executive Documents, No. 16 (Washington, D.C., 1845), 2–22. 5. “Boundary of Texas, Territory of New Mexico,” September 9, 1850, Statutes at Large and Treaties 9 (December 1845–March 1851), 446. 6. Alton Hornsby Jr., “The Freedmen’s Bureau Schools in Texas, 1865–1870,” Southwestern Historical Quarterly 76 (April 1973): 397–417; Barry A. Crouch, The Freedmen’s Bureau and Black Texans (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1992), 19; Claude Elliott, “The Freedmen’s Bureau in Texas,” Southwestern Historical Quarterly 56 (July 1952): 1–24. 7. John H. Reagan, Memoirs (New York: Neal, 1906), 286–295, in Wallace, Documents in Texas History, 203. 8. Ann Patton Baenziger, “Bold Beginnings: The Radical Program in Texas, 1870–1873” (Master’s thesis, Southwest Texas State University, 1970); W. C. Nunn, Texas Under the Carpetbaggers (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1962); Carl H. Moneyhon, “Public Education and Texas Reconstruction,” Southwestern Historical Quarterly 92 (January 1989); and James M. Smallwood, Time of Hope, Time of Despair: Black Texans During Reconstruction, Series in Ethnic Studies (Port Washington, N.Y.: Kennikat Press, 1981); Eby, Education in Texas, 157. 9. Alwyn Barr, Black Texans: A History of African Americans in Texas, 1528–1995 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1996), 23; Randolph B. Campbell, An Empire for Slavery: The Peculiar Institution in Texas, 1821–1865 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1989), 175–76; Hornsby, “Freedmen’s Bureau Schools,” 398; Barry A. Crouch, “A Spirit of Lawlessness : White Violence; Texas Blacks, 1865–1868,” Journal of Social History 18 (Winter 1984): 225; James M. Smallwood, The Feud That Wasn’t: The Taylor Ring, Bill Sutton, John Wesley Hardin, and Violence in Texas (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2008), 16. 10. Laws...