Provisional Pulpit: Modern Presidential Leadership of Public Opinion

Notes

Notes Preface . Levine and Levine, People and the President. . Casey, Cautious Crusade. . The Roosevelt-Wallace ticket received % of the popular vote and  Electoral College votes to the Willkie-McNary ticket’s % of the popular vote and  Electoral College votes. . Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, President’s Secretary’s Files, Public Opinion Polls, –, “From Hadley Cantril, October , ,” Box . Interviewing between July  and July , . . Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, President’s Secretary’s Files, Public Opinion Polls, –, “Cantril to Rosenberg,” July , , Box . . Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, President’s Secretary’s Files, Public Opinion Polls, –, “Cantril to Rosenberg,” September , , Box . . Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, President’s Secretary’s Files, Public Opinion Polls, –, “Trial tabulations on the Far Eastern situation,” December , , Box . . Emphasis in original. Ronald Reagan Presidential Library, Files of David Chew, State of the Union ’ (), “Chew to Regan,” January , , OA . . Ibid. . Ibid. . Ronald Reagan, “Address before a Joint Session of Congress on the State of the Union,” February , , in Public Papers of the President of the United States, Ronald Reagan, vol. :  (Washington, D.C.: Office of the Federal Register). . Ronald Reagan Presidential Library, PR , –, “Analysis of the February , , State of the Union,” Box . The document was seen by the president on February , . . The December , , question from the ABC News–Washington Post survey asks, “Well, the Gramm-Rudman law requires automatic cuts in spending for many social and military programs each year that Congress doesn’t reduce the budget deficit on its own. Do you approve or disapprove of the Gramm-Rudman budget balancing law, or is that something you don’t have an opinion on?” The February , , question from the Los Angeles Times asks, “As you know, Gramm-Rudman sets a series of declining deficit ceilings so that, by , the deficit will be entirely wiped out. If the budget, for any year, fails to make the required reductions, Gramm-Rudman calls for automatic across-the-board spending cuts divided equally between military and nonmilitary programs. In principle, are you in favor of the Gramm-Rudman Bill, or are you opposed to it?” . Sandlow, “Bush Claims Mandate.” . Edwards, “Changing Their Minds?” 254 : NOTES TO PAGES xv–6 . Morin and VandeHei, “Social Security Plan’s Support Dwindling.” . Sanger, “Bush’s Road Tour Rolls On.” . Ibid., . . Fine and Waterman, “New Model of Presidential Leadership.” Chapter 1 . Edwards, On Deaf Ears; J. M. Hogan et al., “Report of the National Task Force on the Presidency and Public Opinion.” . Page, Shapiro, and Dempsey, “What Moves Public Opinion?” . Page and Shapiro, “Presidents as Opinion Leaders”; Page and Shapiro, Rational Public. . Canes-Wrone, Who Leads Whom?; Kernell, Going Public; Cohen, Presidential Responsiveness and Public Policy-making; Canes-Wrone and Shotts, “Conditional Nature of Presidential Responsiveness”; Stimson, MacKuen, and Erikson, “Dynamic Representation ”; Jacobs and Shapiro, Politicians Don’t Pander; Eshbaugh-Soha, President’s Speeches. . Edwards, On Deaf Ears. . See Medhurst, “Eisenhower’s Rhetorical Leadership”; Finbow, “Presidential Leadership or Structural Constraints?”; Sloan, Reagan Effect; and others. . Canes-Wrone, Who Leads Whom?; Cohen, Presidential Responsiveness and Public Policy-making. . See Edwards, On Deaf Ears. . Waterman, Wright, and St. Clair, Image-Is-Everything Presidency. . Jacobs and Burns, “Second Face of the Public Presidency.” . Rosen, “Test of Presidential Leadership of Public Opinion.” . Hart, Sound of Leadership, . . Kingdon, Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies; Cohen, “Presidential Rhetoric and the Public Agenda”; Cohen, Presidential Responsiveness and Public Policy-making; Hill, “Policy Agendas of the President and the Mass Public”; Edwards and Wood, “Who Influences Whom?”; Eshbaugh-Soha and Peake, “Presidents and the Economic Agenda.” . Brace and Hinckley, Follow the Leader; Brace and Hinckley, “Presidential Activities from Truman through Reagan”; McGraw, Best, and Timpone, “What They Say or What They Do?”; Druckman and Holmes, “Does Presidential Rhetoric Matter?”; Canes-Wrone, “Public Presidency, Personal Approval Ratings, and Policy Making.” . Kernell, Going Public. . Finbow, “Presidential Leadership or Structural Constraints?” . Jacobs and Shapiro, “Rise of Presidential Polling.” . Edwards, On Deaf Ears: Edwards, Strategic President. . Edwards, On Deaf Ears, . . Edwards, On Deaf Ears, . . See also Cohen, “Presidential Leadership in an Age of New Media”; Cohen, Presidency in the Era of Twenty-four-Hour News. . See, for instance, Kellerman, Political Presidency; Lammers and Genovese, Presi- Notes to Pages 6–16 : 255 dency and Domestic Policy; Gergen, Eyewitness to Power; and Greenstein, Presidential Difference, just to name a few selected compendiums of these findings. . Wenger and Gerber, “John F. Kennedy and the Limited Test Ban Treaty.” . Sloan, Reagan Effect. . Jacobs and Shapiro, “Rise of Presidential Polling.” . Bailey, Sigelman, and Wilcox, “Presidential Persuasion on Social...