Reagan at Westminster: Foreshadowing the End of the Cold War

Notes

[9฀] Notes Introduction 1. Ronald Reagan, “Address to Members of the British Parliament,” June 8, 1982, http://reagan.utexas.edu/archives/speeches/1982/60882a.html (accessed July 17, 2006). Further references to the address will in parenthetical text notations that give the paragraph number from the speech. 2. Margaret Thatcher, “Toasts of the President and British Prime Minister Thatcher at a Luncheon Honoring the President in London,” June 8, 1982, 1. 3. Ibid., 1. 4. Peggy Noonan, When Character Was King: A Story of Ronald Reagan, 209. 5. Associated Press, “British Impressed with Reagan’s Delivery”; also see George Skelton, “Reagan Speech to Parliament Symbolizes Purpose of Trip,” B17. 6. Elinor Goodman, “Reagan’s Dazzling TelePrompTer,” A10. 7. Kurt Ritter and David Henry, Ronald Reagan: The Great Communicator, 193; Mary Stuckey, Playing the Game: The Presidential Rhetoric of Ronald Reagan, 86. 8. Dru Sefton, “‘I Have a Dream’: In a Century of Speeches, Certain Words Still Soar,” 8D. 9. Peter Schweizer, Reagan’s War: The Epic Story of His Forty-Year Struggle and Final Triumph over Communism, 143. 10. Jack F. Matlock Jr., Reagan and Gorbachev: How the Cold War Ended. 11. Lou Cannon and Carl Cannon, Reagan’s Disciple: George W. Bush’s Troubled Quest for a Presidential Legacy, 41. 12. Ronald Reagan, Speaking My Mind: Selected Speeches, 107. 13. Edwin Meese, “The Ash Heap of History: President Reagan’s Westminster Address 20 Years Later,” 1, 2. [฀] notes฀to฀pages฀– 14. Lou Cannon, President Reagan: The Role of a Lifetime, 316; John Patrick Diggins, Ronald Reagan: Fate, Freedom, and the Making of History, 221. 15. Geoffrey Smith, Reagan and Thatcher, 98. 16. Charles Krauthammer, “The Ash Heap of History: President Reagan’s Westminster Address 20 Years Later,” 1. 17. Tony Dolan, “The Ash Heap of History: President Reagan’s Westminster Address 20 Years Later,” 1, 2. 18. L. Cannon, President Reagan, 315; Edmund Morris, Dutch: A Memoir of Ronald Reagan, 461; Larry Diamond, “A Quarter-Century of Promoting Democracy,” 118; Carl Gershman, “Surviving the Democracy Backlash: 25 Years Later, Ronald Reagan’s Visionary Address Meets a Hard Historical Moment,” A19. 19. Several of Reagan’s major speeches already have received book-length analysis . See, for example, Mary E. Stuckey, Slipping the Surly Bonds: Reagan’s Challenger Address; Richard J. Jensen, Reagan at Bergen-Belsen and Bitburg; and Douglas Brinkley, The Boys of Pointe du Hoc: Ronald Reagan, D-Day, and the U.S. Army 2nd Ranger Battalion. Of course, there are many journal essays focused on individual speeches by Reagan but, despite agreement on its importance, no significant published rhetorical analyses of the Westminster address. Chapter 1. Ronald Reagan and the Evolution of Cold War Rhetoric and Policies 1. Quoted in Ronald E. Powaski, The Cold War: The United States and the Soviet Union, 1917–1991, 70. Kennan favored a policy that curbed the expansion of the Soviet Union until “a more moderate form of government came into being in the Soviet Union.” Ibid. 2. John Lewis Gaddis, The Cold War: A New History, 29. 3. Powaski, Cold War, 72. 4. Harry S. Truman, “The Truman Doctrine,” March 12, 1947, http://www .americanrhetoric.com/speeches/harrystrumantrumandoctrine.html, 4. 5. Elizabeth Edwards Spalding, The First Cold Warrior: Harry Truman, Containment , and the Remaking of Liberal Internationalism, 71. 6. Howard Jones, A New Kind of War: America’s Global Strategy and the Truman Doctrine in Greece, 36. 7. Gaddis, Cold War, 31. 8. Ibid., 32. 9. Powaski, Cold War, 73. 10. Gaddis, Cold War, 43. [฀] notes฀to฀pages฀– 11. Ibid., 64. 12. Powaski, Cold War, 102. 13. Gaddis, Cold War, 68. Ned O’Gorman argues that Eisenhower “assumed a priestly mantle, performing the American synecdochal sublime through a rhetoric of national absolution, spiritual reinterpretation, and calls for human transformation.” Ned O’Gorman, “Eisenhower and the American Sublime,” 47. 14. Powaski, Cold War, 102. 15. Ibid., 133. 16. Gaddis, Cold War, 79. 17. Ibid., 80. 18. Ibid. 19. Ibid., 80–81. 20. Michael R. Beschloss, The Crisis Years: Kennedy and Khrushchev, 1960– 1963, 599. 21. Powaski, Cold War, 155. 22. Ibid., 166. 23. Ibid., 163. 24. Ibid., 167. 25. Raymond L. Garthoff, Détente and Confrontation: American-Soviet Relations from Nixon to Reagan, 29. 26. Ibid., 39. 27. Ibid. 28. Ronald Reagan, An American Life, 106. 29. Paul Kengor, The Crusader: Ronald Reagan and the Fall of Communism, 12. 30. For example, Lou Cannon reports that communists “enjoyed two periods...