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Notes Preface 1. Mazmanian and Lee,“Tradition Be Damned”; Mordecai Lee and Daniel Mazmanian,“Nixon’s DENR Plan—Reorganization to What End?” unpublished article manuscript (typescript), September 1973, author’s files. 2. Lee,“President Nixon Sees a ‘Cover Up.’” 3. E-mail to the author from Mark Fischer, reference archivist/team leader, Nixon Presidential Library at National Archives II, College Park, Md., October 29, 2007. Chapter 1. Introduction 1. Robert C. Toth,“Reorganization: Old Headache, New Twists,” Los Angeles Times, November 29, 1972; Jack Rosenthal,“Nixon’s Reorganization,” New York Times, December 23, 1972. 2. Arnold, Making the Managerial Presidency, chaps. 8–9. The Ash Council also recommended strengthening the institutional presidency’s managerial and policy-making roles. In 1970 Nixon submitted to Congress a reorganization plan for the Executive Office of the President (EOP). It refashioned the Bureau of the Budget (BOB) as the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) and established the Domestic Council (DC) to oversee policy making. The House Government Operations Committee recommended exercising the legislative veto to disallow the plan, but a House floor vote permitted Nixon’s plan to go into effect. R. Moe,“Domestic Council,” 255–56. John Ehrlichman, head of DC staff, had high hopes for it but gradually recognized its limitations. This realization directly influenced his planning to (largely) replace DC with super-secretaries in the second term. 3. Nixon, Public Papers of the Presidents: 1971, 56, 472–89; U.S. OMB, Papers Relating to the President’s Departmental Reorganization: March 1971; AP,“Rep. Holifield Derides Agency Overhaul Move,” Washington Post, February 21, 1971; Helen Thomas,“Nixon in San Clemente,” Redlands (Calif.) Daily Facts, March 27, 1971. Beginning with the Kennedy administration, Holifield was involved in many reorganizations. Dyke and Gannon, Chet Holifield, 8–9, 117–20, 273, 299–300. 4. Nixon, Public Papers of the Presidents: 1972, 505–12; U.S. OMB, Papers Relating to the President’s Departmental Reorganization: Revised, February 1972; House Committee on Government Operations, Department of Community Development Act, 92nd Cong., 2nd sess., H. Report 92–1096, 1972; Courtney R. Sheldon,“Congress Ignores Nixon Calls,” Christian Science Monitor, August 8, 1972. 5. Carroll Kilpatrick,“Little Hope Seen on Hill for Nixon’s Programs,” Washington 212 : Notes to Pages 4–13 Post, July 22, 1972; Nixon, Public Papers of the Presidents: 1972, 834, 919; Mansfield quote from Congressional Record 118:23 (September 8, 1972): 29814. 6. Pfiffner, The President, the Budget, and Congress; John F. Lawrence,“Tighter Rein on Bureaucracy to Be a Major Goal If Nixon Is Reelected,” Los Angeles Times, August 23, 1972. At that time, the federal fiscal year ran from July 1 to June 30 and was named by the year in which it ended. Hence, Nixon’s FY1974 budget proposal was submitted to Congress in January 1973 with the goal of passing all appropriations bills by July 1. 7. Counsellor and super-secretary are used synonymously in this text. 8. Arnold, Making the Managerial Presidency; R. Moe, Administrative Renewal. 9. Arnold, Making the Managerial Presidency, 336–37; Balogh, Grisinger, and Zelikow, Making Democracy Work, 46; J. Carter, Why Not the Best? 113; Seyb,“Reform as Affirmation.” 10. The text of Reorganization Acts from 1932 through 1969 can be found in Emmerich , Federal Organization and Administrative Management, app. III-B. The 1971 act is in 85 Stat. 574. 11. Berg,“Lapse of Reorganization Authority,” 197; R. Moe, Administrative Renewal, 103–17. 12. More recently, Congress has sometimes delegated to presidents the authority to submit a reorganization plan but usually limited the reorganization to one department or topic. During the George W. Bush administration, the statute creating the Department of Homeland Security required a final presidential reorganization plan. Earlier, President Clinton was given authority to reorganize the State Department and related activities (Sec. 1601, PL 105–277). In 2003, the House Committee on Government Reform held a hearing titled Toward a Logical Government Structure: Restoring Executive Reorganization Authority (108th Cong., 1st sess.), but no general reorganization legislation resulted. 13. Nathan, Plot That Failed, 68–69, 78–79; Nathan, Administrative Presidency, 51–53. 14. In reverse chronological order: Lewis,“Revisiting the Administrative Presidency,” 61; Mason, Richard Nixon and the Quest for a New Majority, 204; Rudalevige, Managing the President’s Program, 58; Light, President’s Agenda, 116; Small, Presidency of Richard Nixon, 270–71; Arnold, Making the Managerial Presidency, 299; Hoff, Nixon Reconsidered , 74; T. Moe,“Politicized Presidency,” 255–57; Lowi, Personal President, 144–45; Reichley, Conservatives in an Age of Change, 246; Schick,“Coordination...