Preaching Politics: The Religious Rhetoric of George Whitefield and the Founding of a New Nation

Notes

255 NoTes Chapter One *Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, ed. Richard D. Heffner (New York: New American Library, 1956), 1. 1 Michael Warner, “What’s Colonial About Colonial America?” in Possible Pasts: Becoming Colonial in Early America, ed. Robert St. George (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2000), 49–70. 2 Sydney Ahlstrom, A Religious History of the American People (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1972), 344. 3 Tocqueville, 17. 4 see Michael silverstein, “The Improvisational Performance of Culture in Realtime Discursive Practice,” in Creativity in Performance, ed. Keith Sawyer (London: Ablex, 1997), 265–312; See also George Lakoff and Mark Johnson, Metaphors We Live By (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980), 3. 5 John Corrigan, The Prism of Piety: Catholick Congregational Clergy at the Beginning of the Enlightenment (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), 131. 6 I am specifically drawing upon Structuration Theory as explained by Anthony Giddens, New Rules of Sociological Method: A Positive Critique of Interpretative Sociologies (New York: Basic Books, 1976). 7 Arthur Benedict Berthold, American Colonial Printing as Determined by Contemporary Cultural Forces, 1639–1763 (New York: Burt Franklin, 1934). 8 Ruth Bloch, “Religion and Ideological Change in the American Revolution,” in Religion and American Politics: From the Colonial Period to the 1980s, ed. Mark A. Noll (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), 44–61. 9 Carl Bridenbaugh, Mitre and Sceptre: Transatlantic Faiths, Ideas, Personalities, and Politics , 1689–1775 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1962). 10 Alan Heimert, Religion and the American Mind: From the Great Awakening to the Revolution (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1966). 11 Alan Heimert and Perry Miller, eds., The Great Awakening: Documents Illustrating the Crisis and its Consequences (New York: Bobbs Merrill, 1967), lxi. 12 See Edmund S. Morgan, review of Heimert, Religion and the American Mind, in William and Mary Quarterly 24 (1967): 454–59; see also Sidney E. Mead, “Through and Beyond the Lines,” review of Heimert, Religion and the Mind, in Journal of Religion 43 (1968): 274–88. Both Morgan and Mead criticize Heimert for reading “not between the lines [of the historical record], but, as it were, through and beyond them” to sup- port his thesis. Essentially they were criticizing him for performing rhetorical criticism of primary historical data. 13 Bernard Bailyn, The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1992), 19. 14 Bailyn, Ideological Origins, 34. 15 see Cushing strout, The New Heavens and New Earth: Political Religion in America (New York: Harper & Row, 1974), 44. 16 Patricia U. Bonomi, Under the Cope of Heaven: Religion, Society, and Politics in Colonial America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986). 17 J. C. D. Clark, The Language of Liberty, 1660–1832: Political Discourse and Social Dynamics in the Anglo-American World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), 362–65. 18 Nathan o. Hatch, The Sacred Cause of Liberty: Republican Thought and the Millennium in Revolutionary New England (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977), 26. 19 Jon Butler, Awash in a Sea of Faith: Christianizing the American People (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1990), 2. 20 Charles L. Cohen, “The Post-Puritan Paradigm of Early American Religious History,” William and Mary Quarterly 54 (1997): 712. 21 Gordon S. Wood, “Religion and the American Revolution,” in New Directions in American Religious History, ed. Harry S. Stout and D. G. Hart (London: Oxford University Press, 1997), 174. 22 Harry Stout, “Religion, Communications, and the Career of George Whitefield ,” in Communication and Change in American Religious History, ed. Leonard I. Sweet (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1993), 109. See also Wood, “Religion,” 175. 23 Perry Miller, “From the Covenant to the Revival,” in The Shaping of American Religion, Religion in American Life, vol. 1, ed. James W. Smith and A. Leland Jamison (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1961), 340. 24 At a practical level, Stout defends Heimert’s reading of primary texts, which amounts to an ideological method of rhetorical criticism. Harry Stout, “Religion, Communications, and the Ideological Origins of the American Revolution,” William and Mary Quarterly 34 (1977): 523. 25 I refer to Marshall McLuhan’s oft-quoted maxim, “The medium is the message .” 26 Mark A. Noll, America’s God: From Jonathan Edwards to Abraham Lincoln (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002). 27 Berthold, 26–27. 28 see Christopher Looby, Voicing America: Language, Literary Form, and the Origins of the United States (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996). Looby’s claim is supported by Jay Fliegelman, Declaring Independence: Jefferson, Natural Language and the Culture of Performance (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press...