In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:

469 CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO THE APOCRYPHA AND PSEUDEPIGRAPHA AT QUMRAN James C. VanderKam The subject of this paper is the books from the traditional categories of the Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha that have been found in some form at Qumran. The purpose is not to deal with the adequacy or usefulness of the standard categories but simply to adduce the data from the scrolls and assess what the Qumran copies have contributed in this sense to scholarship on each of the works involved. The subject of the Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha in the scrolls has been treated several times in recent years. I surveyed the information in an article published in 1993,1 and Michael Stone later wrote a much more comprehensive study in an essay published in 1996.2 Stone says little about the works that will be surveyed below and spends most of his time discussing the contributions of the scroll finds to study of other pseudepigraphic works. Peter Flint has also written an essay on the subject; in it he deals extensively with the terminology normally used and surveys the texts.3 A. BOOKS OR SECTIONS OF THE TRADITIONAL APOCRYPHA FOUND AT QUMRAN 1. Tobit The fragments of manuscript copies of the book of Tobit that were unearthed in Qumran Cave 4 were originally assigned to J. T. Milik for 1. James C. VanderKam, “The Scrolls, the Apocrypha, and the Pseudepigrapha,” HS 34 (1993): 35–47. 2. Michael E. Stone, “The Dead Sea Scrolls and the Pseudepigrapha,” DSD 3 (1996): 270–95. Stone uses the word pseudepigrapha in the sense of Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha (see 270–71). 3. “‘Apocrypha,’ Other Previously-Known Writings, and ‘Pseudepigrapha’ in the Dead Sea Scrolls,” in The Dead Sea Scrolls after Fifty Years: A Comprehensive Assessment (ed. P. W. Flint, J. C. VanderKam, and A. E. Alvarez; 2 vols.; Leiden: Brill, 1998–1999), 2:24–66. Because of the way in which he defines terms, he includes additional texts in his survey (e.g., ones related to Daniel). 470 THE APOCRYPHA AND PSEUDEPIGRAPHA editing. In his report on the unpublished Qumran manuscripts in 1956, Milik made reference to two Aramaic copies of the work,4 while in his Ten Years of Discovery in the Wilderness of Judaea (1959) he was able to say: “Three of the manuscripts of Tobit are in Aramaic and one in Hebrew.”5 Klaus Beyer included a very short section on Tobit in his book, Die aramäischen Texte vom Toten Meer; there he expressed the view that Hebrew was the original language of the book and that the Aramaic version was a translation. For this reason he placed the few citations of the Aramaic available to him in the section entitiled “Die Targume.”6 The only words from the Aramaic copies that he reproduced were ones that Milik had cited. Robert Eisenman and Michael Wise included a transcription and translation of the first fragment of the first Aramaic copy of Tobit (4Q196) in their volume , The Dead Sea Scrolls Uncovered.7 Milik treated 4Q196 and cited some lines from it in an essay dated to 1992.8 In Beyer’s 1994 Ergänzungsband, he was able to include much more on Tobit. He continued to maintain that Hebrew was the original language (identifying it as “mittelhebr äisch”).9 Joseph Fitzmyer, to whom the Tobit material was reassigned in late 1991, published a report on the manuscripts in 1995.10 In his report he offered comments on the contents of the fragments, the Aramaic and Hebrew in which they are written, the new Aramaic words appearing in them, and the references made to Ahiqar. He also includes an extensive discussion of the Greek and Latin textual witnesses to the book. All of the Qumran fragments of Tobit have been edited by Fitzmyer in “Tobit” (DJD 19).11 The five texts (4Q196–200) are labeled: 4QpapTobita ar, 4QTobitb–d ar, and 4QTobite.12 That is, four of the copies are in the 4. Jozef T. Milik, “Le travail d’édition des fragments manuscrits de Qumran,” RB 63 (1956): 60. See his announcement of the full number of copies in “La patrie de Tobie,” RB 73 (1966): 522–30. 5. Idem, Jozef T. Milik, Ten Years of Discovery in the Wilderness of Judaea (trans. J. Strugnell; SBT 26; London: SCM Press; Naperville, IL: Allenson, 1959), 31. 6. Klaus Beyer, Die aramäischen Texte vom Toten Meer (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1984), 298–300. 7. Robert H. Eisenman and Michael O. Wise, The...

Share