Global Energy Shifts: Fostering Sustainability in a Turbulent Age

List of Illustrations

List of Illustrations 1.1 Global Energy Shifts, 1800–2000 5 1.2 World Commercial Energy Production, 1800–2000 6 2.1 Expansion of the Coal System, 1800–1860 29 2.2 International Coal Exports, 1850–1913 32 2.3 Five Largest Coal Producers, 1800–1913 35 3.1 Five Largest Oil Producers, 1860–1913 56 3.2 Five Largest Producers of Hydroelectric Power, 1890–1913 63 4.1 International Coal and Petroleum Prices, 1860–1950 76 4.2 Export Ratios for Coal and Oil, 1800–2000 79 4.3 Strikes in U.S. Coal and Oil Industries, 1880–1980 89 4.4 Mentions of Labor Unrest, Coal and Oil, 1890–1990 90 5.1 Commercial Energy Production and Consumption, 1860–2000 109 5.2 Per Capita Commercial Energy Consumption, 1860–2000 110 5.3 Per Capita Commercial Energy Consumption, 1950–2000 110 5.4 Per Capita Commercial Energy Consumption Relative to USA, 2000 111 5.5 World Commercial Energy Consumption by Quintiles 111 6.1 Discoveries of Oil Reserves, 1900–1988. 5-Year Moving Averages 116 6.2 Per Capita Energy Consumption in Selected Countries, 1950–1980 126 6.3 Labor Unrest and Price Shocks in the International Petroleum System 132 7.1 Petroleum Production Forecasts Based on Varying Estimates of Recoverabe World Oil Reserves 144 7.2 IEA State Expenditures of Energy R&D, 1974–1998 151 7.3 Projected Global Energy Shifts 161 ...