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Notes Chapter One 1. See Jevons (1865), Arnot (1866), and Freese (2003) for analyses of coal dilemmas that existed in Britain in the late nineteenth century. 2. For two particularly influential reports articulating these positions, see Donnelly (2000) and National Energy Policy Development Group (2001). 3. On the rise of social tensions, see Okruhlik (1999); on geopolitical dangers, see Center for Strategic and International Studies (2001); and on environmental threats, see Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2001). 4. In a true sense, all energy resources have their origins in solar energy. However, because they present themselves in distinct forms in the natural world, it makes practical sense to discuss them as separate forms of energy. 5. See Appendix A for a discussion of the sources and methods underlying the statistical data on energy used in this study. 6. See Appendix A for more information on this procedure. 7. A sampling of leading scholars in this research tradition include McNeill (1982), Braudel (1992), Wallerstein (1974), Tilly (1984), Chase-Dunn (1989), and Arrighi and Silver (1999). Because some of these scholars do not identify themselves as worldsystems researchers, I have chosen to use the more general term of world historical research to encapsulate this broader community of analysts. 8. For complementary, if somewhat differing, discussions of the historical dynamics of interstate competition, see Choucri and North (1975), Wallerstein (1984), Kennedy (1987), Goldstein (1988), Modelski and Thompson (1996), and Chase-Dunn and Podobnik (1999). 9. On the history of wood use, see Perlin (1989) and Chew (1995: 203–4). 10. Readers should also consult the following sources for more details on stateenergy interactions: Ikenberry (1988), Jones (1981), Kapstein (1990), Keohane (1984), Krasner (1978), Nash (1968), Painter (1986), Samuels (1987), Stivers (1982), and Vernon (1983). 11. See Bunker and O’Hearn (1993) and Bunker and Ciccantell (1999). 12. A world historical interpretation of the commercial dynamics of capitalist development has been advanced by such researchers as Schumpeter (1949), Hymer (1979), and Arrighi (1994). 13. On labor unrest see Dix (1988), Davidson (1988), Feldman and Tenfelde (1990), and Colley (1997); on nationalist movements see Nore (1980) and Brown (1993); and on environmental and indigenous rights movements see Rudig (1990), Nilsson and Johanssen (1994), and Gedicks (1995). 178 Notes to Chapter One 14. Perhaps the most influential book on energy matters, Yergin (1991), exemplifies this underexamination of dynamics of social conflict (though his examination of political and commercial dynamics is outstanding). 15. It should be emphasized that the intention here is not to argue that a hegemonic world order is solely determined by resource advantages. While gaining access to secure and affordable resources is certainly a key prerequisite for the establishment of hegemony, it is only one of a number of challenges that must be addressed by a rising great power. 16. Examples of world-systems scholars who steadfastly maintained that the United States was in decline during the 1990s are numerous, and include Wallerstein (1992), Arrighi (1994), and Boswell and Chase-Dunn (2000). 17. See Pratt (1981), Perelman (1981), Criqui (1994), Kemp (1994), and Martin (1996) for other analyses of large-scale energy shifts that emphasize the impact of human institutions. 18. See Cottrell (1955) and Tainter (1990) for discussions of the relationship between social conflict and energy scarcity in preindustrial eras. Chapter Two 1. The historical discussion presented in the next two paragraphs draws on the following sources: Eavenson (1939), Hartwell (1960), Needham (1964), Shepherd (1993), and Kopp (1995). 2. See Thomas (1986), Perlin (1989), Fouquet and Pearson (1998), and Sieferle (2001) for more information on deforestation pressures in Europe. 3. Cf. Marx (1967), Weber (1947), Polanyi (1957), and Wallerstein (1979) for more complete discussions of this transition. My interpretation of the significance of the Treaty of Westphalia, discussed in the following paragraphs, is based on the analyses of Arrighi (1994). 4. As discussed in the next chapter, the solidification of the third systemic dynamic—that of social unrest—would have to await the consolidation of labor forces in concentrated communities, as well as the emergence of traditions of worker organizations . 5. Information presented in the next two paragraphs on the development of steam technologies was drawn primarily from the following sources: Ferguson (1967), Harre (1984), and Smil (1999). 6. Jeremy (1977); Stein (1984). 7. Redlich (1944); Robinson (1974). 8. Thomas (1986); Fouquet and Pearson (1998). 9. The following discussion draws on Dickson (1967), Cain and Hopkins (1980), and Brown (1991). 10. Information in this paragraph is...

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