Campaign Advertising and American Democracy

References

R E F E R E N C E S Adatto, Kiku. 1990. Sound bite democracy: Network evening news presidential campaign coverage, 1968 and 1988. Research Paper R-2, Joan Shorenstein Barone Center for Press, Politics, and Public Policy. Althaus,ScottL.1998.Informationeffectsincollectivepreferences.AmericanPoliticalScience Review 92(3): 545–58. Altschuler, Glenn, and Stuart Blumin. 2001. Rude republic: Americans and their politics in the nineteenth century. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Alvarez, R. Michael. 1997. Information and elections. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. Ansolabehere, Stephen, and Alan Gerber. 1994. The mismeasure of campaign spending: Evidence from the 1990 U.S. House elections. Journal of Politics 56(4): 1106–18. Ansolabehere, Stephen, Shanto Iyengar, Adam Simon, and Nicholas Valentino. 1994. Does attack advertising demobilize the electorate? American Political Science Review 88(4): 829–38. Ansolabehere, Stephen, and Shanto Iyengar. 1995. Going negative: How political ads shrink and polarize the electorate. New York: The Free Press. Ansolabehere, Stephen, Shanto Iyengar, Adam Simon. 1999. Replicating experiments using aggregateandsurveydata:Thecaseofnegativeadvertisingandturnout. AmericanPolitical Science Review 93(4): 901–9. Arnold, R. Douglas. 1992. The logic of congressional action. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Ashworth, Scott, and Joshua D. Clinton. 2005. Does advertising exposure affect turnout? Working Paper, Princeton University. Atkin,Charles,andGaryHeald.1976.Effectsofpoliticaladvertising.PublicOpinionQuarterly 40(2): 216–28. Bai, Matt. 2004. Who Lost Ohio? New York Times. Accessed April 16, 2007. Online http://www.nytimes.com/2004/11/21/magazine/21OHIO.html?ex=1258779600&en= 2a9da5f1ef7580c&ei=5090&partner=rssuserland. Bartels, Larry M. 1986. Issue voting under uncertainty: An empirical test. American Journal of Political Science 30(4): 709–28. ———. 1996. Uninformed votes: Information effects in presidential elections. American Journal of Political Science 40(1): 194–230. 188 R E F E R E N C E S Benoit, William L. 1999. Seeing spots: A functional analysis of presidential television advertisements , 1952–1996. Westport, CT: Praeger. Berelson, Bernard R., Paul F. Lazarsfeld, and William N. McPhee. 1954. Voting: A study of opinion formation in a presidential campaign. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Berke, Richard. 1992. The media: What is scarier than Halloween? Tune in to candidates’ ads and see. New York Times, October 31, Late Edition-Final, Section 1: 7. Blydenburgh, John. 1971. A contolled experiment to measure the effect of personal contact campaigning. Midwest Journal of Political Science. 15: 365–81. Brader, Ted. 2005a. Campaigning for hearts and minds: How emotional appeals in political ads work. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ———. 2005b. Striking a responsive chord: How political ads motivate and persuade voters by appealing to emotions. American Journal of Political Science 49(2): 388–405. Brady, Henry E., and Paul M. Sniderman. 1985. Attitude attribution: A group basis for political reasoning. American Political Science Review 79(4): 1061–78. Brians, Craig Leonard, and Martin P. Wattenberg. 1996. Campaign issue knowledge and salience: Comparing reception from TV commercials, TV news and newspapers. American Journal of Political Science 40(1): 172–93. Broder, David S. 2002. Death by negative ads. Washington Post, November 3, Final Edition: B07. Brooks, Deborah Jordan. 2006. The resilient voter: Moving toward closure in the debate over negative campaigning and turnout. Journal of Politics 68(3): 684–96. Brooks, Deborah, and John Geer. 2007. Beyond negativity: The effects of incivility on the electorate. American Journal of Political Science. 51(1): 1–16. Campbell, Angus, Phillip Converse, Warren Miller, and Donald Stokes. 1960. The American voter. New York: Wiley. Capella, Joseph N., and Kathleen Hall Jamieson. 1997. Spiral of cynicism: The press and the public good. New York: Oxford University Press. Chaiken, Shelley. 1980. Heuristic versus systematic information processing and the use of source versus message cues in persuasion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 39: 752–66. Clinton, Joshua, and John Lapinski. 2004. ‘Targeted’ advertising and voter turnout: An experimental study of the 2000 presidential election. Journal of Politics. 66: 69–96. Clymer, Adam. 1980. Voters grow weary of negative campaign tactics.New York Times, October 13, Final Edition, Section 2: 5. Coleman, John J. 2001. The distribution of campaign spending benefits across groups. Journal of Politics 63(3): 916–34. Coleman, John J., and Paul F. Manna. 2000. Congressional campaign spending and the quality of democracy. Journal of Politics 62(3): 757–89. Condorcet,Jean-Antoine-NicolasdeCaritat.1785[1976].Selectedworks.Indianapolis:BobbsMerrill . Converse, Philip E. 1964. The nature of belief systems in mass publics. In Ideology and discontent, ed. David Apter. New York: Free Press. ———. 1990. Popular representation and the distribution of information. In Information and democratic processes, ed. John A. Ferejohn and James H...