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Anti-Confucius Campaign (1973–74): Campaign to discredit Confucian thought and its influence on Chinese culture. Anti-Interference Campaign (1966): The Chinese Communist Party’s campaign against rebelling students on university campuses. Antirightist Campaign (1957): Campaign to purge rightists from the Chinese Communist Party. barefoot doctor: A backpack medic who makes rounds in rural areas. Bitter Years of Great Famine (1959–61): Famine following the Great Leap Forward. Counterrevolutionary: Interchangeable with “revisionist” and “capitalist roader”; refers to those who dissented from Mao’s vision for Communist China. Cultural Revolution: Mao Zedong’s attempt, beginning in 1965, to reassert his leadership and imbue China with revolutionary socialism. Variously dated to 1968 or 1976, when Mao died. danwei: A work unit organization or institution. Four Olds: Old ideas, cultures, habits, and customs. Great Leap Forward (1958–60): Mao’s effort to rapidly modernize China. hukou: Residential permit. Hundred Flowers Campaign (1957): Mao Zedong’s campaign to “Let a hundred flowers bloom together, let the hundred schools of thought contend.” May Seventh Cadre School: Farms called cadre schools across China where cadres and intellectuals were sent down from the cities to engage in socialist reeducation and manual labor; established in 1968 in response to Mao Zedong’s earlier call on May 7, 1966, for such schools. Red Army: Communist Party military prior to the founding of the People’s Liberation Army. Sanfan (1951): The three antis—anticorruption, antiwaste, and antibureaucratic spirit. sanzi yibao: Three-freedom policy permitting the personal use of small plots of land, small-scale commerce in nongrain produce, and cooking in individual homes. shanghen wenxue: Variously translated as “scar” or “wound” literature; based on a short story titled “The Wound.” shangshan xiaxiang: Up to the mountains and down to the countryside. Glossary 216 Glossary Siqing (1962): Also known as the “Socialist Education Movement,” the four cleansings of politics, economics, organization, and ideology. Sufan (1955): Campaign to wipe out hidden counterrevolutionaries. Weberian: Referring to the work of Max Weber (1864–1920), a German social scientist who is known for his analysis of bureaucracy, among other phenomena. work team: Task force teams sent to take over the leadership of a given institution. Wufan (1952): Five antis—antibribery, antitax evasion, antifraud, antitheft of government property, and antistealing of state economic secrets. xiafang: Exiled or sent away for socialist reeducation. zhiqing: Contraction of zhishi qingnian, meaning “knowledgeable youth” in Chinese, which is the Chinese term for sent-downs. ...

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