Spying in America: Espionage from the Revolutionary War to the Dawn of the Cold War

Notes

275 Notes Introduction 1. Redmond, “America Pays the Price.” 2. Ibid. 3. Dulles, Craft of Intelligence, 19. 4. The ideologically committed American spies who refused payment are discussed in detail in parts IV and V of the present volume. One of the leading couriers of espionage information, Elizabeth Bentley, was particularly incensed when her Soviet handler offered her money and lashed back at him: “What kind of racket is this when they pay you to do your duty?” Bentley, Out of Bondage, 247. Another courier, Harry Gold, was irked by Soviet attempts to provide him with money and gifts. Although Gold could barely make ends meet, he even refused expenses and paid for his extensive travel as a courier from his own funds. Hornblum, Invisible Harry Gold, Kindle edition, chap. 3, location 1266. 5. Dulles, Craft of Intelligence, 52. 6. Keegan, Intelligence in War, 24. 7. Commager and Morison, Growth of the American Republic, 283. 8. The trial and execution launched an era of intense debate between anti-Soviet conservatives and liberals who believed that the Rosenbergs were innocent victims of a right-wing witch hunt. However, over the years revelations from a host of sources—including decrypted Soviet cable traffic in the Venona Project, KGB defectors, and even Rosenberg’s handler—have proven conclusively that Julius provided Soviet intelligence with classified information on the atomic bomb. Debate still continues in some quarters about the significance of the information passed by Julius and the extent of his wife Ethel’s involvement, topics that are discussed in detail in chapter 31 of this volume. See Benson and Warner, Venona; Gordievsky and Andrew, KGB, 315–16, 379–81; Andrew and Mitrokhin, Sword and the Shield, 128; and Feklisov and Kostin, Man behind the Rosenbergs. 275 Notes 276 9. Haynes, Klehr, and Vassiliev, Spies, 62. 10. Keegan, Intelligence in War, 6. Chapter 1 1. Zinn, People’s History, 60. 2. Ibid., 77. 3. Crews, “Spies and Scouts.” 4. Thompson, Secret New England, xi–xii. 5. Bakeless, Turncoats, 32. 6. For further information on Revere and the Mechanics, see Cummings, “Paul Revere,” 3–14; Fischer, Paul Revere’s Ride, Kindle edition, chap. 5, location 1003; Bakeless and Bakeless, Spies of the Revolution, 42–50; and Rafalko, Counterintelligence Reader, 1:2–3. 7. Revolutionary espionage and conspiracy were often fueled by alcohol. Taverns have long been convenient venues for spy meetings and were the seedbeds of patriotic intrigue before and during the war. The Continental Congress often met in the City Tavern in Philadelphia, and the local Sons of Liberty in New York City drank together at Fraunces Tavern, now a historic landmark. Militiamen in Lexington gathered at Buckman’s Tavern, and Revere’s “Mechanics” frequented the Green Dragon in Boston, where all would take an oath of secrecy before discussions. The founding fathers themselves were no strangers to the world of alcohol—Sam Adams was a brewer and saloonkeeper and John Hancock and John Adams were both distillers. 8. Isaacson, Benjamin Franklin, 308–9. Franklin stung his son with his accusation that “you, who are a thorough courtier, see everything through the government’s eyes.” Van Doren, Benjamin Franklin, 483. 9. Rafalko, Counterintelligence Reader, 1:1. 10. Bakeless, Turncoats, 125. 11. Jay’s brother James also contributed to colonial intelligence by developing invisible inks to hide secret correspondence. Rafalko, Counterintelligence Reader, 1:24. 12. Allen, George Washington, Spymaster, 169. 13. Rafalko, Counterintelligence Reader, 1:11. 14. Bakeless, Turncoats, 162. Chapter 2 1. For further information on Church, see Allen, George Washington, Spymaster, 35–37; Bakeless and Bakeless, Spies, 60–75; Bakeless, Turncoats, 9–24; Rafalko, Counterintelligence Reader, 1:3–9; and Cummings, “Paul Revere,” 7. 2. Rafalko, Counterintelligence Reader, 1:5. 3. Ibid., 1:6. 4. Ibid. 5. Dulles, Craft of Intelligence, 206. 6. Rafalko, Counterintelligence Reader, 1:7. Notes 277 7. Bakeless and Bakeless, Spies of the Revolution, 74–75. 8. French, General Gage’s Informers, 181. 9. Rafalko, Counterintelligence Reader, 1:9. 10. Bakeless and Bakeless, Spies of the Revolution, 72. 11. Quoted by Bakeless, Turncoats, 146. 12. Thompson and Campbell, “General Gage’s Spies,” 19. Chapter 3 1. The company was managed by Augustin Beaumarchais, who, as a diversion from his commercial interests, was also a dramatist and wrote The Barber of Seville and The Marriage of Figaro, on which the famous operas are based. 2. Schaeper, Edward Bancroft, Kindle edition, chap. 3, location 1411–31. 3. Ibid., chap...