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Abacha, Sani, 83 Abkhazia as separatist struggle, 46, 110, 111, 210n15 Abuja I accord (1995, Liberia), 80, 84 Abuja II accord (1996, Liberia), 75, 78, 80, 84 Accra Peace Agreement (2003, Liberia), 89, 90 Addis Ababa agreement (1972, Sudan), 103–4 Adebajo, Adekeye, 73, 74, 81 Afghanistan: election candidates in, 265–66; exporting from, 215; failed powersharing in, 194; “failed state” in, 34; informal external influence on, 248; international decision making on interim government for, 249–50; national forces on ground in, 249; NATO in decision-making role for, 248; no peace agreement in, 2; state building in, 35, 48n9; war criminals within Afghan Cabinet, 228 African Union, 82, 95n23, 256, 271, 272 Ag Bahanga, Ibrahim, 171 Ag Ghali, Iyad, 170–71 Akosombo Agreement (Liberia), 80 Algeria: and Mali, 168; war for independence in, 21n16 Alkatiri, Mari, 141 Alliance Démocratique du 23 mai pour le Changement (ADC), 171 Alliance for Democracy, 169 Alliance Touareg Nord Mali pour le Changement (ATNMC), 171 Angola: interim governance, role of domestic actors in, 252; peace accord (2002) attributed to killing of rebel leader in, 191; peace agreement and failure to secure peace in, 34; peacekeeping troops withdrawn from, 9; postwar national elections leading to violence in, 241–42, 259–60; sovereignty of, 247; strategic victory in, 184 Annan, Kofi, 85, 144 anticommunist regimes, 196–202 Anti-Terrorism Unit (Liberia), 80–81 Anya-Nya (Sudan), 103, 105 APODETI (Popular Democratic Association of Timor), 137 Arab Deterrent Force (Lebanon), 166 Arab League, 165, 167 Arab Spring (2011), 240 Arafat, Yasser, 165 Argentina and Contras (Nicaragua), 175 Aristide, Jean-Bertrand, 129–36, 150, 160n3, 202, 250. See also Haiti Aristotle, 33, 220 armed conflicts, defined, 11 Armed Forces for the Liberation of East Timor (FALINTIL), 137–38, 140, 145 Armed Forces of Liberia, 75, 76, 79 Armed Forces Revolutionary Council (AFRC), 77, 83 Armée Populaire pour la Restauration de la République et la Démocratie (APRD; Central African Republic), 129 Artibonite Resistance Front for the Overthrow of Jean-Bertrand Aristide, 133 Association of Southeast Asian Nations, 271 Atlas, Pierre M., 123, 149, 180 Australia’s peacekeeping in East Timor, 141, 144, 145, 204 authoritarianism. See repression Avril, Prosper, 131 Azerbaijan: fragile peace in, 203; inclusionary behavior, yet recurrence in, 201 Baathists (Iraq), 250 Baev, Pavel, 106–7, 109 Baghdad Pact, 164 Tables are indicated by t following page numbers. Arabic surnames starting with “al-” are alphabetized by the following part of the name. Index 304 Index Balaguer, Jorge, 195 Bangui Agreements (1997, Central African Republic ), 125–26 Barnett, Michael N., 33, 220–21 Basaev, Shamil, 108 Bennett, Andrew, 16 Bermudez, Enrique, 175 Binningsbø, Helga Malmin, 40 Boley, George, 73, 76, 79 Bolivia, 196 border disputes, 46 Bosch, Juan, 195–96 Bosnia: elections in, 260–61, 265; formal international influence on, 247–48; international troop deployments to, 200, 203–4; marginalization of civil society in, 253; political powersharing in, 188, 191; state building in, 35; withdrawal of peacekeeping troops from, 33–34 Boutros-Ghali, Boutros, 31 Boyd, Chuck, 175 Boyle, Francis, 108 Bozizé, François, 126–29 Brahimi, Lakhdar, 249 Brown, Timothy C., 182n5 Burundi, 1, 150–52, 154–55; abrogation of powersharing arrangements in, 99, 194; alternative explanations for recurrences, 150, 158–60; background of, 152; chronic exclusionary behavior in, 123, 154, 155, 160, 190; democratization in, 157, 159, 230, 241; economic factors in, 158; ethnic violence in, 154–55, 189; informal external influence on, 248; institutional weakness in, 189, 214; interim governance, role of domestic actors in, 252; multiple recurrences in, 18, 21n19; recurrence and mass atrocities (1988), 154–55; recurrence as failure of inclusion (1993–2006), 157–58, 189; regional factors in recurrences, 159; severity of exclusionary behavior in, 99; war and mass atrocities (1972), 154 Bush, George W., 77, 90, 135, 250, 263 Buyoya, Pierre, 154–55, 157, 189–90 Call, Charles T., 66n6 Cambodia: exclusionary behavior in, 214; formal international influence on, 247; interwar peace, perceptions of, 12, 15; negotiated settlement in, 184; postwar repression in, 219; resource curse in, 27 Cannibal Army (Haiti), 133 capacity vs. legitimacy, 7, 47, 222, 244 Carothers, Thomas, 241, 243 Carr, Burgess, 103 Carter, Jimmy, 132 case-study approach, 9–15, 232–33; “structured, focused” case comparison, 180–81 Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace (Zimbabwe ), 147 cease-fires: and “frozen” conflicts, 202–6; nature of, 2, 12; third-party guarantors of, 28. See also peace agreements Cederman, Lars-Erik, 58–59 Cedras, Raoul, 132 CEMAC (Economic Community of Central African States), 127–28...

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