Out and Running: Gay and Lesbian Candidates, Elections, and Policy Representation

Index

INDEX abortion, 3, 45, 48 Aboud, Sen. Paula (AZ), 84 ACT UP, 20. See also activism active representation, 9, 15. See also representation activism: and LGBT politics ix, 18, 20, 58, 114 adoption legislation, 107 affect, towards gays and lesbians and homosexuality 27, 32, 34, 35, 69, 71, 74 African American: attitudes of, 13, 31n6; candidates 4, 5, 6, 7, 14, 31, 38, 64n1, 65n3; constituencies, 10; groups, 17; legislators, xii, 10, 11, 16, 132; officials, xii, 2, 13, 85, 131; and political incorporation , xii, 11, 13; population, 7, 10, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 80, 90, 109; representation, 2, 7–8, 9, 10, 11, 16, 85, 119, 131, 142; voters, 2, 7, 22, 131 age, as a predictor variable, 35, 41, 43, 45, 49, 52, AIDS, 19, 20, 21, 56, 90, 95, 97, 98, 99, 103, 104, 110 Alabama, 1, 88 amendment process: and LGBT-related legislation, 90, 91, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 107, 108, 111, 114, 120, 121, 127, 129, 133, 135 Amendment 2, 22 American Family Association, 23 Americans with Disabilities Act, 21 Ammiano, Rep. Tom (CA), 93 Anderson, Sen. Calvin (Cal) (WA), 20, 22, 110, 111, 115 antidiscrimination: policy, xii, 24, 27, 34, 86, 88, 91, 95, 98, 104, 106, 110–12, 116, 120, 121, 125–28, 130, 135, 141, 153; and public opinion 27, 34, 125 181 anti-LGBT groups, 23, 25, 107 anti-LGBT legislation: xii, 88, 90, 93, 94, 95, 100, 101, 104, 107, 108; and LGBT descriptive representation, xii, 94, 95, 99, 100, 127, 129, 130, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 145, 153, 154, 155 Arizona, 11, 30, 70, 84, 87 Arkansas, 84, 88, 129, 142 Asian American, 10, 38 assimilationist philosophy, 18 at-large elections, 8, 10 attorney general: 50; and lesbian candidate 48, 49 backlash: theory, xi, xii, 15, 31, 94, 130, 133, 146n2; and LGBT politics, 19, 30, 31, 56, 94, 99, 130–45, 146n2, 153–56; and blacks, xii, 131, 132, 133, 146, 156; and Latinos 16, 133, 156; and public opinion 29, 30; and women, xii, 16, 131, 132, 133, 156 Baehr v. Lewin, 23 Baldwin, Rep. Tammy (D-WI), 25 ballot initiative, 19, 21, 56, 90, 106, 107, 111, 157. See also direct democracy Barrios, Rep. Jarrett (MA), 96, 97, 98, 116 bill introduction, analysis of, 119, 123, 124, 125, 127, 130, 138, 145 bisexual, ix, 1, 56, 105, 106, 116 Biskupski, Rep. Jackie (UT), 88, 133 black candidate. See African American black legislators. See African American black voters. See African American born-again, Christians, 41, 43, 52. See also Protestant fundamentalist Boseman, Sen. Julia (NC), 148 Bowers v. Hardwick, 20 182 INDEX Brown, Sen. Kate (OR), 105, 106, 116n14 Bryant, Anita, 19, 130 Burstein, Karen, 48, 49, 56 Bush, George W., 26 Bye, Rep. Beth (CT), 88, 89 California, ix, xii, 6, 8, 11, 16, 19, 20, 21, 23, 25, 30, 45, 59, 70, 85, 87, 90–4, 95, 104, 109, 116, 120, 129, 130, 132, 133, 142, 152, 157 campaign spending, 3, 59, 67, 69 candidate: and quality, xi-xii; 7, 81, 150, 155; state legislative xi, 3, 4, 5, 8, 33, 49, 52, 53, 55, 56, 57–8, 59, 60, 62–4, 66–82, 149, 150, 151; and survey of 159–60. See also LGBT candidate Carpenter, Rep. Chuck (OR), 56, 105, 132 Catholic, 38, 64, 88, 128, 146 caucus, 87, 92, 93, 113, 114, 118 Christian Coalition, 23, 56, 58, 105. See also anti-LGBT groups church attendance, as a predictor variable 41, 43, 44, 46, 47 Cincinnati, OH 22 civil rights: black, xii, 131, 146n1; and citizen initiatives, 104, 133; and LGBT candidates , 60; as LGBT policy issue, ix, xii, 17, 18, 22, 25, 56, 87, 98, 99, 100, 101, 103, 105, 107, 110, 113, 114, 127, 152, 160; and public opinion, 26, 29, 30, 41, 64, 71, 72, 74, 122, 128n13, 136, 146n9. See also antidiscrimination. civil union, 23, 29, 30, 88, 91, 92, 97, 106, 108, 112, 113, 120 Clark, Rep. Karen (MN), xiii, 3, 8, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 116 Clinton, Bill (William Jefferson), 21, 22, 26, 156 Coakley-Rivera, Rep. Cheryl A. (MA), 116 Colorado, 22, 23, 88, 130 coming out/being out, ix, 17, 18, 19, 33, 52, 53, 56, 86, 95, 97, 100, 101 committee, legislative: and amendments, and assignments 10, 15; and minorities on, 11, 13; role of LGBT legislators actions on, 88, 89, 90, 91, 93, , 96, 97...