Custodians of Place: Governing the Growth and Development of Cities

Notes

195 Notes Chapter 1 1. John Logan and Harvey Molotch, Urban Fortunes: The Political Economy of Place (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987); Oliver Williams, Metropolitan Political Analysis: A Social Access Approach (New York: Free Press, 1971); Kevin R. Cox, Conflict, Power, and Politics in the City (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1973). 2. Anwar Hussain Syed, The Political Theory of American Local Government (New York: Random House, 1966), chap. 2; Charles Tiebout, “A Pure Theory of Local Expenditures,” Journal of Political Economy 64 (1956): 416–24. 3. Richard Dagger, “Metropolis, Memory, and Citizenship,” American Journal of Political Science 25 (1981): 715–37. It should be pointed out that Dagger ultimately finds that modern American cities fail to meet this ideal of developing citizenship, due to their great size, their governmental fragmentation , and the frequency with which citizens move. 4. In Federalist No. 10, James Madison wrote in favor of an extensive national republic as opposed to a “small society,” where small-minded majority factions would “more easily . . . concert and execute their plans of oppression. Extend the sphere and you take in a greater variety of parties and interests; you make it less probable that a majority of the whole will have a common motive to invade the rights of other citizens” or to act in unison. Clinton Rossiter, ed., The Federalist Papers (New York: New American Library, 1961), 83. For critiques of localism from a civil rights perspective, see Jennifer Hochschild, The New American Dilemma: Liberal Democracy and School Desegregation (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1984); and Kathryn A. McDermott, Controlling Public Education: Localism Versus Equity (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1999). A libertarian critique of local governance that sees localities as power hungry and intrusive of rights is Clint Bolick, Leviathan: The Growth of Local Government and the Erosion of Liberty (Palo Alto, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 2004). 5. Well-known works that view local governments as fundamentally engaging in maximizing behavior include Paul E. Peterson, City Limits (Chicago : University of Chicago Press, 1981); Mark Schneider, The Competitive City: The Political Economy of Suburbia (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1989); and Harvey Molotch, “The City as a Growth Machine: Toward a Political Economy of Place,” American Journal of Sociology 82 (1976): 309–32. 6. J. Eric Oliver, Democracy in Suburbia (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001). 196 Notes from Chapter 1 7. E.g., Clarence N. Stone’s book, Regime Politics: Governing Atlanta, 1946– 1988 (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1989), is based on work in a single city, Atlanta, while Barbara Ferman’s test of regime theory in Challenging the Growth Machine (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1996) examines two large cities, Chicago and Pittsburgh. John Mollenkopf’s classic book, The Contested City (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1983) is also based on a comparison of two cities—San Francisco and Boston . The venerable study by Heinz Eulau and Kenneth Prewitt, Labyriths of Democracy: Adaptations, Linkages, Representation, and Policies in Urban Politics (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1973), in which a host of theoretical propositions regarding local politics were developed, is based on 80 suburban localities in the San Francisco Bay Area. Michael Pagano and Ann Bowman’s Cityscapes and Capital (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997), one of our key guides in this study and a book of major importance in the field of local economic development policy, is based on comparative case studies of ten cities around the country. In another recent empirical study of economic development policies, John E. Anderson and Robert W. Wassmer focused on Detroit-area suburbs in Bidding for Business: The Efficacy of Local Economic Development Incentives in a Metropolitan Area (Kalamazoo: W. E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research , 2000). Thus, our set of cases, while limited to California, is broader than that of most book-length treatments of local growth policy. 8. Edward Banfield stressed the constraints placed on urban futures by social and economic imperatives in his oft-cited book The Unheavenly City (Boston : Little, Brown, 1969), although subsequent history has failed to bear out a number of his predictions and assumptions. 9. E.g., Peter B. Evans, Dietrich Rueschemeyer, and Theda Skocpol, eds., Bringing the State Back In (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1985). 10. James C. Baughman, Trustees, Trusteeship, and the Public Good: Issues of Accountability for Hospitals, Museums, Universities, and Libraries (New York: Quorum Books, 1987). 11. The definition is from Random House Webster’s Dictionary, 3rd ed. (New York: Ballantine, 1998). 12. Quoted by Ross Hoffman and...