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★ 241 ★ Notes Introduction 1. United States, War Department, General Order 97, J.M. Williams, Col, 1 Kan. Colored Vols. Appointed to be Brigadier General by Brevet in the Volunteer Force, Army of the United States, effective February 13, 1865, Washington, D., 26 May 1865. 2. Lewis County Historian Office (New York), “Williams (Absalom),” Genealogical record, Absalom Williams family, Lowville, New York, n.d. 3. Dorothy K. Duflo, Lowville, Images of America, with a foreword by Charlotte M. Beagle (Charleston: Arcadia, 2009), 7. 4. Ibid., 41. 5. Franklin B. Hough, A History of Lewis County in the State of New York from the Beginning of Its Earliest Settlement to the Present Time, (Albany: Munsell & Rowland, 1860), 148. 6. Lewis County, New York, Grantee Index, Lewis County, New York, Liber P, p. 289291 ; Grantor Index, Lewis County, New York, Liber I, p. 146; Liber S, pp. 330, 484; Liber U, p. 72. Absalom Williams sold more land than he bought, according to records. As he settled in Lowville approximately twenty years before his first recorded purchase of land, it is likely that he obtained his first acreage before the county established formal records 7. Census of the State of New York for the Year 1825, Town of Lowville, Lewis County, New York,” New Horizons Genealogy, accessed May 2, 2010, http://www.newhorizons genealogicalservices.com/1825-census-ny-lewis-lowville.htm. 8. Henry P. Johnson, ed., The Record of Connecticut Men in the Military and Naval Service during the War of the Revolution 1775-1783 (Clearfield: Connecticut Historical Society, 1997), 177. 9. Hough, 299-302. 10. NewYork, “List of Claims to the State of NewYork for Arms and Clothing Provided by Individual Members of the State Militia, No. 15106,” Index of Awards on Claims of the Soldiers of the War of 1812 (Albany: New Adjutant General’s Office, 1880), 540. 11. Alexis De Tocqueville, Democracy in America, translated by Henry Reeve, Vol. 1 (New York: D. Appleton, 1904), 81. 242 ★ Notes 12. A. Judd Northrup, “Slavery in New York: A Historical Sketch,” State Library Bulletin: History, No. 4 (May 1900), 292, 294, 299. 13. Michael L. Lanning, Defenders of Liberty: African-Americans in the Revolutionary War (New York: Kensington Press, 2000), 82. 14. Daniel W. Howe, What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007), 136–137. 15. Albert Clayton Beckwith, History of Walworth County Wisconsin, Vol. 1 (Indianapolis: B.F. Bowen & Co., 1912), 353. 16. Wisconsin, General Land Office Records, Southeastern Wisconsin, accessed 2 May 2010, http://searches.rootsweb.com/cgi-bin /wisconsin/wisconsin.pl. 17. United States Census Bureau, 1850 Census, accessed November 21, 2009, http:// www.ancestry.com. 18. Who Was Who in America, Vol. 1 (Chicago: Marquis, 1950). 19. Ibid. Chapter 1 1. Anna E. Arnold, A History of Kansas (Topeka: State Printing Plant, 1914), 46–48. 2. Nicole Etcheson, Bleeding Kansas: Contested Liberty in the CivilWar Era (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2004), 29. 3. William G. Cutler, History of the State of Kansas (Chicago: A.T. Andreas, 1883), accessed May 12, 2010, http://www.kancoll.org/books/cutler/. 4. H. Miles Moore, Early History of Leavenworth City and County (Leavenworth: Sam’l Dodsworth Book Co., 1906), 18. 5. Ibid., 26. 6. “Milwaukee Kansas Aid Society Beaten all to Pieces,” Daily Sentinel (Milwaukee, Wisconsin), 22 April 1856; “Great Meeting at Market Hall, ‘The Wrongs of Kansas,’ Speech of Colonel Lane,” Republican Sentinel (Beaver Dam, Wisconsin), 25 May 1856; Fountain City Herald, (Fond du Lac, Wisconsin), June 10, 1856. 7. Leavenworth City Directory and Business Mirror for 1859–60 (St. Louis: Sutherland and McEvoy, 1859), 151; Leavenworth City Directory and Business Mirror for 1860–61 (St. Louis: Sutherland and McEvoy, 1860), 52; Leavenworth City Directory and Business Mirror for 1863–64 (St. Louis: Sutherland and McEvoy, 1863), 162; Leavenworth City Directory and Business Mirror for 1865–66 (St. Louis: Sutherland and McEvoy, 1865), 170. 8. Frank W. Blackmar, ed., Kansas: A Cyclopedia of State History, Embracing Events, Institutions, Industries, Counties, Cities, Towns, Prominent Persons, etc., Vol. 3. (Chicago: Standard Publishing Co., 1912), 125. 9. Nicole Etcheson, Bleeding Kansas: Contested Liberty in the CivilWar Era (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2004), 53–61. 10. James Denny and John Bradbury, The Civil War’s First Blood: Missouri, 1854– 1861 (Boonville, Missouri: Missouri Life, 2007), 7. 11. Jay Monaghan, Civil War on the Western Border 1854–1865 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1955), 57–58; Sara T.L. Robinson, Kansas: Its Interior and Exterior Life Notes...

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