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30 ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ Guide to Using Data Sheets For the convenience of users, the data sheets for projectiles and torpedoes use a standard format. Descriptions of the information in each category are provided below. Users should read this guide before using the data sheets. Projectile Photos Most projectile data sheets have photographs of the side, top, and bottom of the projectile. The ruler scale applies only to the side view of the projectile. It is important to note that the scale does not include the height of the fuze, only the length of the projectile. The torpedo data sheets normally have only a side view and a close-up photo of the fuze or detonator mechanism. Most torpedo data sheets do not include a scale bar, because the torpedoes are too long for the scale numbers to be legible. Projectile or Torpedo Identification Title The projectile identification provides several key pieces of information. It first identifies the origin of the projectile or torpedo. Origin defines who manufactured the projectile or torpedo: CS, British/CS, or US. Next it identifies the caliber (e.g., bore size) of the cannon that fires the projectile. Projectiles should be identified by the caliber of the cannon that fires them, not their diameter. The caliber is not the actual diameter of the projectile. The difference between cannon caliber and the projectile diameter is called “windage.” (See Glossary.) Diameter This is the actual measured diameter of the projectile or torpedo at its widest circular point. The best way to measure diameter is with a “Pi” tape.1 This tape measures the circumference of the projectile and converts it into a diameter reading, usually to the nearest 1/100th of an inch. In measuring the diameter of a smoothbore projectile, be sure to measure along the absolute middle. For rifled projectiles, if unfired, measure the sabot circumference or diameter across the base; if fired, measure the shell body circumference at the thickest part (as on a bourrelet). This approach works for all projectiles except those with flanges (such as the flanged Blakelys or Sawyers) and the Whitworth shaped projectiles, where the flat sides must be measured instead of the rounded sides. For those projectiles, large calipers are required. The most common problem in caliber identification is inaccurate projectile measurement. Large calibers often run so close to each other that they deceive the eye. GUIDE TO USING DATA SHEETS 31 Large caliber rifled projectiles used in the war include (in inches): 4.0, 4.2, 4.4, 4.5, 4.62, 5.0, 5.1, 5.3, 5.82, 6.0, 6.4, 7.0, 7.5, 8.0, 8.25, 8.5, 9.0, 10.0, and 12.75 inches. The difference in caliber can make a significant difference in value. A 5.3-inch Tennessee shell closely resembles a 5.82-inch one. Both are rare, but the 5.3-inch is much rarer and more valuable. The 4.4-inch long Schenkl shell appears almost identical to the 4.5-inch Schenkl shell, and is almost always mistaken for it. The 4.4-inch Schenkl is much rarer, having been used only in 1864-65 in late war naval engagements, whereas the 4.5-inch Schenkl was used extensively throughout the war. Windage must be added to the actual measured diameter of the projectile in order to get the cannon caliber. Windage is the intended gap between the cannon bore diameter and the projectile diameter. It allows (a) ease in loading projectiles; and (b) flame to pass the shell body and light a time fuze. According to Confederate Ordnance Office instructions in May 1862, windage for rifled projectiles was to be 0.07 inches for projectiles ranging from 5.82 inches to 7.5 inches, and 0.05 inches for calibers under 5.82 inches2 . Actual windage varied considerably, from 0.03 inches to 0.1 inches. Thus, a 4.4-inch Schenkl shell should measure about 4.34 to 4.36 inches and a 4.5-inch Schenkl should measure about 4.44 to 4.46 inches. Smoothbore projectiles provided for more windage than rifled ones. The following specifications for smoothbore shell diameters (in inches) were provided in the Confederate Ordnance Manual of 1863 (which was based on the U. S. Ordnance Manual of 1861)3 : 15" 13" 12" 11" 10" 8" 42# 32# 24# 18# 12# 14.85 12.87 11.87 10.87 9.87 7.88 6.84 6.25 5.68 5...

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