The Jefferson National Forest: An Appalachian Environmental History

Notes

Notes Preface 1. See Will Sarvis, “A Difficult Legacy: Creation of the Ozark National Scenic Riverways,” Public Historian 24 (Winter 2002): 31–52; and Will Sarvis, “Old Eminent Domain and New Scenic Easements: Land Acquisition for the Ozark National Scenic Riverways,” Western Legal History 13 (Winter/Spring 2000): 1–37. 2. A magnificent exception may be found in Richard West Sellars, Preserving Nature in the National Parks (New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1997). Introduction 1. To no surprise, observers have reached no consensus as to what geography even constitutes southern Appalachia. There is much agreement about differentiation of subregions, such as the Cumberland Plateau or the Ridge and Valley area that comprises much of the JNF. At the very least a major distinction lies between any coal- or non-coal-bearing region of Appalachia, but beyond that scholars and government bureaucrats hold wide and divergent views of what lands constitute Appalachia or even southern Appalachia. For a sampling of maps and literature regarding what constitutes geographical Appalachia, see Anthony P. Cavender, Folk Medicine in Southern Appalachia (Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press, 2003), 6–7; Wilma A. Dunaway, The First American Frontier: Transition to Capitalism in Southern Appalachia, 1700–1860 (Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press, 1996), 2, 26, 110, 144, 310; Paul Salstrom, “Newer Appalachia as One of America’s Last Frontiers,” in Appalachia in the Making: The Mountain South in the Nineteenth Century, ed. Mary Beth Pudup, Dwight B. Billings, and Altina L. Waller (Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press, 1995), 76–102; John B. Rehder, Appalachian Folkways (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 2004), 3–15; Ann DeWitt Watts, “Does the Appalachian Regional Commission Really Represent a Region?” in Appalachia: Social Context Past and Present, ed. Bruce Ergood and Bruce E. Kuhre, 2nd ed. (Dubuque, IA: Kendall Hunt, 1983), 225–33; John Alexander Williams, Appalachia: A History (Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press, 2002), 9–14. 2. A compilation of the JNF effort at Saltville appeared in USDA Forest Service –Southern Region and Archeological Society of Virginia, “Upland 222 j Notes to Pages 2–7 Archeology in the East,” Symposium no. 5, Special Publication No. 38, pt. 5 (Richmond: Archeological Society of Virginia, 1996). In the past the Smithsonian Institution has sponsored some of the paleontology work of Jerry McDonald in the Saltville area (see North American Bison: Their Classification and Evolution [Berkeley: Univ. of California Press, 1981]). Thomas Mays argues that a mass grave of black Civil War soldiers lies buried in the Saltville vicinity. See Thomas Davidson Mays, “The Price of Freedom: The Battle of Saltville and the Massacre of the Fifth United States Colored Cavalry” (master ’s thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State Univ., 1992). 3. Preservations Technologies employed the author on a few occasions on sites in the Roanoke Valley and near Altavista. An example of a cost-sharing study, this one with Western Carolina University, is Anne Frazer Rogers, ed., The Jaybird Branch Project: Report of Investigations (Cullowhee: Western Carolina Univ., 1982), on file with JNF Cultural Resources Division. 4. See Henry Glass, “The Appalachian Log Cabin,” Mountain Life and Work 39 (Winter 1963): 5–14; Henry Glass, “The Types of the Southern Mountain Cabin,” in The Study of American Folklore, 3rd ed., ed. Jan H. Brunwand (New York: Norton & Co., 1986), 529–62. 5. On the topic of highland farming in this region, generally see Phil Gersmehl, “Factors Leading to Mountaintop Grazing in the Southern Appalachians,” Southeastern Geographer 10 (Apr. 1970): 67–72; Sara M. Gregg, “Uncovering the Subsistence Economy in the Twentieth-Century South: Blue Ridge Mountain Farms,” Agricultural History 78 (Autumn 2004): 417–37; John F. Hart, “Land Rotation in Appalachia,” Geographical Review 67 (Apr. 1977): 148–66; John S. Otto, “Forest Fallowing among the Appalachian Mountain Folk: An Ethnohistorical Study,” Anthropologica 30, no. 1 (1988): 3–22; and John S. Otto, “Forest Fallowing in the Southern Appalachian Mountains: A Problem in Comparative Agricultural History,” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 133 (Mar. 1989): 51–63. 6. See, for example, William G. Robbins, American Forestry: A History of National , State, and Private Cooperation (Lincoln: Univ. of Nebraska Press, 1985) chap. 2; William G. Robbins, Lumberjacks and Legislators: Political Economy of the U.S. Lumber Industry, 1890–1941 (College Station: Texas A&M Univ. Press, 1982), 246–47; Albert C. Worrell, Principles of Forest Policy (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1970), 28. 7. For one formulation, analysis, and very interesting assessment to this complexity , see Clayton R. Koppes, “Efficiency, Equity, Esthetics...