Notes Prologue 1. Some of the information used in writing this prologue was taken, at times verbatim , from my doctoral dissertation completed at Binghamton University in 1991, “Hard Workin’ Women: Class Divisions and African American Women’s Work in Orangeburg, South Carolina, 1880–1940.” M. Eugene Sirmans, Colonial South Carolina: A Political History, 1663–1763 (Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press, 1966), 24–25, 60; Edward McCrady, South Carolina Under the Royal Government: 1719–1776 (New York: Macmillan, 1901), 48; L. S. Wolfe, Agriculture Adorned: A Non-Technical Story about the Background and Evolution of Farming (Columbia, S.C.: Cary Printing, 1956), 121; Chapman J. Milling, ed., Colonial South Carolina: Two Contemporary Descriptions by Governor James Glen and Dr. George Milligen Johnson (1749; reprint, Columbia: Univ. of South Carolina Press, 1951), 13–18, 81; George W. Williams, History of the Negro Race in America: 1619–1800 (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Son, 1883), 1:289; Walter B. Edgar, South Carolina: A History (Columbia: Univ. of South Carolina Press, 1998), 146–76. 2. Sirmans, 24–25, 60; Edgar, 146–76; In 1790, Virginia had 292,627 slaves; South Carolina, 107,094; Maryland, 103,034; and North Carolina, 100, 572; reported in Bureau of the Census, First Census of the United States, 1790, State of South Carolina, 8–9, 94–102. Unfortunately, very little information is available on Orangeburg’s antebellum African Americans. This information is an attempt to put together “bits and pieces” of history combined in hopes of creating a general picture of slavery in this area. Walter B. Edgar’s study also provides important information on Orangeburg antebellum economy and postbellum race relations; see Edgar, South Carolina, 191–425, 501–65. Williams, History of the Negro Race, 293–301. The “non-Whites” probably included Native American Indians, “mestizos ,” who were half Indian and half White, and “mulattoes” who were half Black and half White or Indian; see “South Carolina Population by Race: 1790–1990,” Notes to Pages xxii–xxv 126 South Carolina’s Information Highway, http://www.sciway.net/statistics/scsa95/ pop/pop10.html/. 3. See I. A. Newby, Black Carolinians: A History of Blacks in South Carolina from 1895 to 1968 (Columbia: Univ. of South Carolina Press, 1973); Joel Williamson, After Slavery: The Negro in South Carolina During Reconstruction, 1861–1877 (Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press, 1965); Asa Gordon, Sketches of Negro Life and History in South Carolina (Columbia: Univ. of South Carolina Press, 1971); Edgar, South Carolina, 73–77, 383–85, 416–18, 448–562; Earl M. Middleton with Joy W. Barnes, Knowing Who I Am: A Black Entrepreneur’s Struggle and Success in the American South (Columbia: Univ. of South Carolina Press, 2008), 4–5. 4. Edgar, South Carolina, 398–449, 468–71. 5. See “South Carolina Population by Race: 1790–1990”; “South Carolina State and County Population: 1900–2000,” South Carolina Budget and Control Board, Office of Research and Statistics, Health and Demographics, http://www.ors2. state.sc.us/population/pop1900.asp/; Gordon, Sketches of Negro Life and History, 147–49; Edgar, South Carolina, 388. 6. See my first book, Kibibi Voloria C. Mack, Parlor Ladies and Ebony Drudges (Knoxville: Univ. of Tennessee Press, 1999), for an in-depth discussion on the role skin color and mixed ancestry played in creating the intraracial segregation particular to South Carolina black communities. 7. Gordon, Sketches of Negro Life and History, 147–49; Edgar, South Carolina, 498, 536–47. 8. Hugo Ackerman, A Brief History of Orangeburg, pamphlet written for Home Federal Savings and Loan Association in Columbia and Orangeburg, S.C., Orangeburg County Public Library, 1974, 3–4, 9. The spelling of “Orangeburgh” changed to “Orangeburg” after it became incorporated as a “town” in the nineteenth century . Orangeburg became a “city” in the twentieth century. Willie Llew Griffin, “Orangeburg’s Beginnings,” Times and Democrat (Orangeburg, S.C., 1970), reprint of a clipping found in the archives of the Orangeburg County Historical Society, Orangeburg, S.C.; Marion Salley, The Writings of Marion Salley, Orangeburg Papers Vol. 1 (Orangeburg, S.C.: Orangeburg County Historical and Genealogical Society, 1970), 48–49; Bureau of the Census, United States Census of 1850 on Orangeburg Slave Population, Microfilm Collection, Orangeburg County Public Library, Orangeburg, S.C.; Bureau of the Census, United States Census of 1850 on Orangeburg Free Population, Microfilm Collection, Orangeburg County Public Library, Orangeburg, S.C.; Edgar, South Carolina, 54–60. 9. Thomas Osmond Summers Dibble, History of Orangeburg: 1864 (Orangeburg, S.C.: Orangeburg County Free Library...