It's Not What You Sign, It's How You Sign It: Politeness in American Sign Language

Index

Index 231 apologies: NMMs use with, 135–37, 137; polite grimace, 151–52, 158, 158–61, 160– 61; polite grimace-frown, 163; in rejections, 108–9, 109; in requests, 86– 89, 87, 89; tight lips, 141–42, 145 Asian languages, 39–40. See also specific languages ASL: conventionalized indirectness, 68– 74, 69, 71, 73; direct rejections, 120; direct requests, 64–68; ’  sign, 70–72, 71, 141, 186, 187; “” sign, 13, 100–1, 101, 143, 155, 163; independence strategies (rejections), 107, 107–9, 109; independence strategies (requests), 74–89, 78–79, 87, 98; indirect rejections, 115–19, 119, 202–4; indirect requests, 93–96, 98–99, 202–4; instruction, 211–13; involvement strategies (rejections), 110–15, 111–12, 121–22; involvement strategies (requests), 89–93, 91, 98–99; joking in, 94–96, 98–99, 121–22;  sign, 99–100, 165, 165n5, 208–9; -  sign, 208–9;  sign, 11, 79, 78– 80, 176–77, 179. See also ASL-English distinctions; NMMs ASL-English distinctions: deductive (topic first) rhetorical strategies, 209–10; independence vs. involvement orientation, 208–9; in rejections, 111– 12, 113, 122, 123–24, 124; in requests, 73–74, 73, 95–96, 102–5, 104 ASL instruction, 211–13 Page numbers in italics denote figures or tables. Austrian, 49 Bahan, B., 37, 62 Baker-Shenk, C., 61 Beebe, L., 54–55 Blum-Kulka, S., 25–26, 39, 44–45, 52–53, 55–56 Brown, P., 21–22, 44 Chinese, 5–6, 25–26, 27, 48 CI (conventionalized indirectness): about, 43–45; in ASL, 68–74, 69, 71, 73; in English, 68–74, 69, 73 CODA (children of deaf adults), 61–62 Cokely, D., 61 commands, 64–68. See also direct requests common ground strategy, 97–99, 110–12, 111–12 conversational contract view, 20–21 conversational maxims: indirect requests and, 41–43; joking and, 95; quality maxim, 98–99; relevance maxim, 93– 96, 115–19, 119 conversational maxim view, 17–20 cultural level of analysis, 20, 25–26, 31 DCT (Discourse Completion Test), 56–62, 218–220 deductive (topic first) rhetorical strategies, 209–10 deference strategy, 98, 120–21, 154–55 diminutive forms, 53 directness, 1–4, 202–4, 209–10 232 Index direct rejections, 35–40, 52–53, 120 direct requests, 35–40, 52–53, 64–68 discourse style level of analysis, 27–29, 30–31, 31 ’  sign, 70–72, 71, 141, 186, 187 East-West distinctions, 39, 48 English: conventionalized indirectness, 68–74, 69, 73; direct requests, 64–68; independence strategies (rejections), 107–9, 108–9, 120–21; independence strategies (requests), 74–89, 75, 83, 89, 96–98; indirect rejections, 115–19, 119; indirect requests, 93–96; involvement strategies (rejections), 110–15, 112; involvement strategies (requests), 89– 93, 92, 96–98; Israeli compared to, 25– 26, 37; Japanese compared to, 37, 46– 48; naming, 100–1, 122; please, use of, 99–100; preparatory statements, 102; surprise markers, 55, 102–3, 103, 122– 23. See also ASL-English distinctions Estonia, 39 face-saving view, 21–24. See also relative face orientation face-threatening acts (FTAs), 22–23, 96– 97 FFAs (face-flattering acts), 22–23 fluency: about, 188–89; comparison, 199– 201, 200; late learner, 193–99, 200, 201; native signer, 150–53, 200; near-native user, 189–90, 200 form vs. function, 7–11 Fraser, B., 20 French, 39, 44, 48–49, 52–54 FTAs (face-threatening acts), 22–23, 96–97 gender differences, 28–29, 29 German, 38, 52 Goffman, E., 21 Greek, 39, 54 Grice, P., 18, 41 “” sign, 13, 100–1, 101, 143, 155, 163 HC (high-context) communication, 47 hedges: about, 53; in ASL rejections, 107, 107–8; in ASL requests, 78–81, 79; polite grimace, 157–58, 157–58; polite grimace-frown, 169–70; polite pucker, 135–36; tight lips, 142–43, 145–46 hesitations, 81. See also hedges Hickey, L., 55 Hoffmeister, R., 37 Holcomb, T., 2 House, J., 38, 39 Hoza, J., 59 humor. See joking imperative forms, 64–68. See also direct requests imposition, ranking of. See ranking of imposition independence strategies: about, 22–23, 27, 28; in American English community, 208–9; NMMs and, 183, 185; paralinguistic and nonverbal cues, 50–51; in rejections, 107–9, 107–9, 120– 21; in requests, 74–89, 75, 78–79, 83, 87, 89, 96–99; social meaning and, 34; in Western languages, 40 indirectness, 1–4, 202–4, 209–10. See also CI (conventionalized indirectness) indirect rejections, 40–43, 115–19, 119, 202–4 indirect requests, 40–43, 93–96, 98–99, 202...