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Index advocacy: for day schools and special classes, 114–15; for or by deaf people , 48, 243, 253; by deaf women in organizations, 44–53; for economic equality, 97; for educational opportunity , 84–100, 115; by Helen Keller , 22, 26, 31–32; for legal equality, 58; by oralist teachers, 122–23; by parents, 135, 151, 156. See also independence ; laws; oralism; rights; teachers Allen sisters (Frances and Mary): artistic methods, 174, 184; Arts and Crafts movement and, 175–77; in Deerfield, Mass., 170, 175–77, 187; impact of geography on, 175, 176–77; international recognition of, 173–74, 177; lipreading and, 182; marital status, 171, 173; needlework art, 176, 183; oral skills, 182–84, 185, 186; as photographers , 172–75, 176–77, 183–84, 186–87; as teachers, 171; vision impairments and, 170, 175 American Association to Promote the Teaching of Speech to the Deaf (AAPTSD), 122, 133, 138, 143 American School for the Deaf (1817), 113, 184 289 American Sign Language, 159, 207–10; differences between women and men users, 13; efforts to suppress, 23–24; gendered meanings in, 206, 212, 226–39, 253, 254; valued by deaf community, 23, 151, 205, 250, 252, 254, 255. See also communication; deaf culture Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA, 1990), 70 associations for the Deaf. See organizations ; names of individual associations athletics, 13, 14, 20n41, 156 authority: in associations, 47–52; contested , 193, 199; general issues of, 81–83, men and, 90, 110, 132, 220; of women in school, 11; women’s use of, 42, 48–51. See also employment ; patriarchy; schools beauty: accepted norms of, 142, 168, 193, 242; attitudes toward in the deaf community, 49, 168, 242, 243; eugenics and, 242–43; as indicator of acceptance, 12, 13–14, 249; normalcy and, 243, 245, 249, 250, 256; oralism and, 243, 244–48 290 Index beauty pageants (Deaf), 168, 242; local, 243, 249; national, 247, 249, 251–53, 254–55; state, 247, 251, 254–55. See also beauty Bell, Alexander Graham: attitudes toward culturally Deaf people and sign language, 23, 24, 32, 133, 185; and deaf education, 115, 185; and Helen Keller, 23–28, 30, 31 Bell, Mabel Hubbard, 28, 185 Billington, Ann, 250–51 body issues: deaf beauty pageants and, 242–44, 248, 251–52; deafness, speech, and, 210–13, 222; language , spirit, and, 206–8, 220; ‘‘muteness envy,’’ 191–94, 197– 202; poetic tradition and, 190; representation , 167, 168; speech and, 195 boys, 87–88; academic training, 11, 12, 13, 85, 94, 95; mothers and, 131, 136, 138, 141, 142; oralism and, 94, 131, 138, 139, 248; vocational training, 9–10, 12 Brace, Julia, 24–25 Bridgman, Laura, 24–25, 28, 32 California Association of the Deaf, 44, 46, 47. See also Terry, Alice children, 227; in Allen sister’s art, 175, 177, 181, 186; communication among, in school, 152–53; of deaf adults (CODAs), 158, 227; IDEA, 68–69; mothers and, 46, 50, 114, 130–43, 147–61, 213; peer influence among, 154, 161; in residential schools, 6–10, 12–13; teachers and, 82, 84–100, 118, 119, 121; women without, 45, 252. See also boys; education ; family; girls; mothers Children of a Lesser God, 168, 189–90, 192, 193, 200 Children’s Bureau, 131 church (charismatic): Deaf ministry, 206, 212; deaf participants in, 215– 16, 220; hearing women signing in, 207, 211–14, 216; male gendered spirit in, 220, 221; nonsigning audience responses, 207–8, 214; sign interpreters and, 209–10; trances, 207, 211, 216–17, 221. See also religion Cixous, Helene, 207, 212, 219 Clarke School for the Deaf (Clarke Institution for Deaf Mutes), 137; Allen sisters and, 177, 182, 184; oral education and, 114, 119, 184–85; success of graduates, 121; teacher training at, 122; and women teachers, 118, 123 cochlear implants: Linda Crider and, 149; Summer Crider and, 147, 150, 152, 161 colonization: of the body, 168, 190– 93, 195, 200, 201; of language, 193, 196, 200, 201 communication: debates over, 23–24, 111–15, 184–85, 248; ethnographic study of, 205–23, 226–39; Helen Keller and, 29; impact on the Allen sisters, 111, 177, 182; limits, 153, 157; male dominance in, 9, 42, 48, 121, 253. See also American Sign Language; Bell, Alexander Graham ; education; oralism Crider, Linda, 149–61 Crider, Summer, 147–61 [3.17.159.90] Project MUSE (2024-04-17 18:59 GMT) Index 291 dancers: Heather Whitestone, 255, 256; Helen Heckman, 243–44, 256; Marion Rene, 246 dating, 157–58, 194 daughters: deaf from deaf families...