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Index Note. Italicized numbers indicate artwork. abduction, 46, 61,66,68,80,97; anatomy and, 79-83; definition of, 78 Abraham, A. S., 36 acoustics, 6, 19, 28, 30; relation to handshape kinematics, 49 adduction, 61, 66, 68, 88, 97; anatomy and, 79-83 Allen, G. D., 25 allophones, 8, 51-52 American Sign Language, 1, 42, 46, 5J, 52; configurations in, 31; distinctive features of, 36; handshapes, 26, 29; -order of acquisition, 40-41; movement and, 47-48; phonetics of, 33-35; phonological features of, 35-36; and signing space, 47; signs, 26; sign frequency and, 54, 77, 140; weak drop in, 48 anatomy: constraints on linguistic stmcture, 4; ease of articulation and, 39-41; o[ the hand,34;unplicationsforsignlanguage handshapes, 63-86; versus physiology, 56 Anderson, S., 14 Ann, J., 25, 38, 49, 54, 55, 140,203 antagonism, 15,57; in configurations of handshapes,89-93 Archangeli, D., 89 arm, 43, 47, 48 articulation: ease of, 34-35, 39-42, 45-46, 54; and the grammar of sign languages, 44; and handshapes, 2-3, 26--27, 42-43; and speech sounds, 12-23; and sonority, 49,87,144,197 articulators, 38, 193,201; vocal, 15-18; in sign language, 26--28 asymmetries, 7, 24, 48, 63,84 Baker, S., 50-51 Barlow, M., 9 Battison, R., 25-27 Bel1ugi, u., 32, 35, 36, 42, 47-48 bite-block studies, 15-16,89; and compensatOlY articulation, 15; implication for ease of articulation, 15-16; supershapes and, IS, 89 bivalent features, 31, 32 bones: of the fingers (phalanges), 58-59, 69, 79, 82-83; of the forearm (radius and ulna), 61; and joints, 59-64; af the palm (metacarpus), 59; of the wrist (carpal), 59,60,61 Bonvillian, 1. D., 43, 54 Bayes-Braem, P., 32, 35,36, 96; stages of handshape acquisition, 39-43 Brentari, D., 25, 28n7, 30, 32, 38,48-49,51 206 Index Browrnan, C. P., 17 Bybee,}. L., 5, 10, 11, 17 carpometacarpal joints, 78, 81, 83; dcscription of, 61---63; and ease of articulation, 184; of the fingers, 61---64, 80-81,84,96; relation to the index and middle metacarpals, 64; of the thumb, 61, 78,84 Casterline, D., 46, 51 categorical perception, 50, SI Check, D. A., 50 Chomsky, N., 4 circularity, 13, 14,26 classifiers, 54 coarticulation, 49, 50, 89 collateral ligaments, 79, 80 compensatory articulation, 15 consonants, 17, 19,20 constraints, 4, 8,25,26,29; on handshapes, 141,187-88; visual, 47, 49 Carina, n, 31, 33, 37, 38 Croneberg, C. G., 46, 47, 51 Dictionmy ofAmerican Sign Language (Stokoc, Casterline, and Croneberg), 46,54 dominance condition 25,26.27 Donegan, P., 21-22 ease of articulation, 12-15, 35, 54; anatomy and, 39-41; bite-block studies and, 15-16; definition of, 14; diachronic sound change and, 22; and least effort, 12, 16; language acquisition and, 20-22; and markedness. 13; and maximal clarity, 12; in phonolOgy, 14; ranking and, 89-101, speech sounds, 18; in TSL, 144-80; theory with handshapes, 18 ease score, 87: 138; calculating, 106-12. charting, 112-36; definition of, 87; detennining, 102-4, rationale for, 104-6 ex.tension, and adduction, 81; finger, 50. 5253 ,57,80,84; hierarchy. 34-35; of the hand, 57-70, 77, 78; juncturae tcndinID, 70-72; curved configuration, 76. bent confIguration and, 76; support for, 94-95, 99; 101-2 feature geometry. 37-39 finger position constraint (Mandel), 87n1 fingerspelling: acoustic phonetics and, 49 fist, 63. 72, 77, 93, 140 Hexion, 31,35,66,72-73,101-2; and adduction, 80-81; of the fingers, 74-78, 140; support for, 89, 95-96, 1.06-7; of the thumb. 73-74 llexors, 45.72-76,84-86,90-93 forearm, 184-85, 199; joints and, 38, 45, 57; mu~c1es of, 67, 74, 75; wrist and, 59, 61 formal linguistics, 7, 8; and asymmetries. 7, 24; and markedness, 8; and obstments, 8; and sign language, 24-25 fricatives, 16. 18 functional linguistics, 9; and frequency of occnrrence, 9-12; and sign language, 23 functionalism, 3, 5, 6, 201 gestures, 1, 15, 17 gestural scores, 17 Goldstein, L. M., 17 grounding theory, 7 grammar 4,7; in sign language. 25, 44, 188-89 hand, 24-26; bones of, 58-59; configurations of, 30-31, 45, 57; joints, 59-64; juncturae tendium and, 70-72; muscles of, 64--70,90-93 handshape: acquisition of, 27, 39-44; adjacency convention and, 30, 34; anatomy and, 57-58; antagonism and...

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