Signed Languages: Discoveries from International Research

Index

Index 247 Active Articulator Model, 38 Africa. See also Nigeria signed languages and, 180–82 agreement morphology principles, 79–80 agreement verbs agreement system, 74–86 comparison with spatial verbs, 75–78 lexical-semantic structure of, 74–75, 81–83 role of facing in, 76–77 semantics-morphology relationship in, 84–85 syntactic function of agreement controllers in, 77–78 di-transitive, 79n elements of, 75 Akimel O’odham people, 63n alignment concept, 4n alternating movement, weak drop and, 28, 32–33, 40 American English. See U.S. English American Sign Language articulatory perspective on verb agreement in, 4, 5–12 constraints on agreement, 12–15 resolutions to constraints, 16–18 compound signs, 49–50 conceptual metaphors in, 200 crossing signs, 34 free morphemes in, 62 gestures in, 71 manual signs from U.S. English, 71–72 in Nigeria, 181–82 alteration of performance, 186 influence on Hausa Sign Language, 192 initialized signs, 187–88 language mixing and, 190–92 semantic alterations, 186 at Tudun Maliki school, 182–92 nonhanded signs in, 62, 64–70 one- and two-handed versions of signs, 30 proximalization of movement, 104–13 sociolinguistic variation studies, 137–38, 159 findings from studies, 153–58 issues particular to the Deaf community, 142–46 methodological issues, 138–42 methods used in studies, 146–53 quantitative analysis of variation, 150–53, 156–58 use of space in, 95 verb classes in, 74 weak drop and, 28, 32, 35, 37–38 Analysis Is Digging metaphor, 211, 214 articulatory phonetics featural status of constraints, 21 Optimality Theory and, 21–22 rationales for, 1 sonority hierarchy and, 1–2, 19 verb agreement and, 3–12, 18–19 constraints on, 12–15 resolutions to constraints, 16–18 articulatory suppression effect, 93 auditory processing, working memory and, 92, 93 Auslan. See Australian Sign Language Australian Sign Language (Auslan) articulatory perspective on verb agreement in, 6–12 constraints on agreement, 12–15 resolutions to constraints, 16–18 weak drop in, 16 auxiliary elements, 5 backward reporting, 95–96 backwards verbs, 79–80 Bad Is Dirty metaphor, 219, 220 balanced signs defined, 27 strong and weak hands in, 27 weak drop and, 31–34, 41 B handshape, weak drop and, 37–39 bilingual education, in Venezuela, 163, 165 Black Deaf community, 144 blending, 235 brain, embodied cognition perspective, 91 British Sign Language, 6, 14 analysis of “Trio,” 231–41 case marking, facing as, 84n citation sign forms, 150n classifiers. See also noun classifiers conceptual metaphors and, 200 iconicity and, 198–99 in noun phrases, 50 codeswitching, involving Venezuelan cultural signs, 170–76 co-indexation, weak drop and, 31, 40 Communication Is Sending metaphor, 198, 200, 218–19, 220 communicative acts, defined, 175 compound signs, 49–50 conceptual metaphors, 198, 200 conceptual semantics, 82 connectors, used by children in narrative discourse, 128 contact signs, 63n weak drop and, 34–37 Cratylo (Plato), 164 crossing movements, weak drop and, 28, 33–34 cultural signs, 168–69 codeswitching and issues of politeness, 170–78 Danish Sign Language, 13n deaf-blind persons. See Tactile ASL study deaf children, narrative discourse development in, 123–30 Deaf community, identifying social constraints in, 142–46 Deaf identity, linguistic variation and, 143–44 deaf schools, in Nigeria, 182. See also Tudun Maliki School Deutsche Gebärdensprache. See German Sign Language deviant language, poetry and, 231–32 DGS. See German Sign Language distalization, 17, 20, 115–16 distance signing, 20 di-transitive verbs, 79n echo structure, 31 embodied cognition phonological loop and, 94 working memory and, 91, 92 end-contact signs, weak drop and, 36 English. See U.S. English Existence Is Life metaphor, 220–21 eye gaze, deviant use in “Trio,” 235–36 face threatening acts in Brown and Levinson’s model of politeness, 165–68, 177 codeswitching by Venezuelan deaf community and, 172–73, 174–76 weightiness calculation, 177 facing, 4 as case marker, 84n 248 Index distinguished from orientation, 75n in verb agreement, 75, 79–80 with agreement and spatial verbs, 76–77 faithfulness constraint, 21–22 foregrounding noun classifiers and, 59 in poetry, 231–32 Foster, Andrew, 182 free morphemes categories of, 62 gestures from U.S. English, 71–72 nonhanded signs, 64–70 French Sign Language, 164 “frog leaps,” 120, 124 Gadbois School (Montreal), 124 geographic variation, in ASL, 158 German Sign Language (DGS) articulatory perspective on verb agreement in, 4–12 constraints on agreement, 12–15 resolutions to constraints, 16...