Playing Tough: The World of Sports and Politics

Index

[Index] Abdul-Rauf, Mahmoud, 4, 125 Aboutrika, Mohamed, 107 Adams, Daniel L. “Doc,” 24 Afghanistan, Soviet war in, 152–56 African Americans, in Berlin Olympics, 68, 69. See also Ali, Muhammad; Owens, Jesse; race and racism African National Congress (ANC), 176, 177, 178–79, 18 2, 18 3, 18 5 Afrikaner minority in South Africa, 175–76, 184, 185–86, 191–92 Algeria–Egypt soccer playoff violence (2009), 114 Ali, Muhammad: evolution as political symbol, 121–23; v s. Foreman, 138–39; vs. Frazier, 122, 1 37–38, 139; hiatus from boxing, 136–37; innovative boxing style of, 130; legacy of, 120, 122–23, 1 40–41, 22 6; vs. Liston, 118; and Malcolm X, 131–3 2; and Moscow Olympics boycott, 162–63; and Nation of Islam, 120, 121, 1 30–32; origins and career path, 126–29; overview of political impact, 11 9–21; as poet and political gadfly, 126, 129– 30; post-hiatus boxing career, 137–40; Vietnam draft refusal, 11 9, 121–22, 133–3 6, 138 Allen, Ivan, 198 Al-Sabah, Fahid Al-Ahmad, 108 Amateur Athletic Union (AAU), 60, 61 amateur status and Olympic politics, 43, 57–58, 1 45–46, 166 America. See United States American football vs. soccer, 105.See also football Americanism, ideology of, 149, 150–52 ANC (African National Congress), 176, 177, 178–79, 18 2, 18 3, 18 5 Anderson, Dave, 139 Andrés, Bertolotti, 11 4 anti-Semitism: barring of Jews from German boxing, 78–79; Hitler on Jews as threat, 56; Louis’s victory as victory over, 97; and Nazi persecution of Jews, 46, 49, 56, 62–63, 81, 9 2; in Olympic committees’ leadership, 57, 59 apartheid in South Africa, 177–80. See also South Africa Argentina, importance of soccer in, 13 Argentina–Peru soccer match riot (1964), 107, 11 4 Athens Olympics (1896), 53–54 athletes: amateur vs. professional status for Olympics, 43, 57–58, 1 45–46, 166; empowerment of women, 227–28; Flood’s appeal to rights for baseball players, 19; players’ unions, 222; political impact of, 4–7, 14; as politicians, 3, 11–12; S oviet doping of, 15–1 6. See also specific sports and athletes by name Atlanta Braves, 198 Baer, Max, 79, 81, 8 4–85 Baillet-Latour, Count Henri, 57, 60, 63 246 Index Balkan Wars (1990s), and soccer, 11 4–15 Ball, Rudi, 64 Baltimore Orioles, 198 Baltimore Ravens, 205, 208–9 Baltimore-to-Indianapolis Colts move, 199, 203 baseball: commercialization of, 28, 29–31, 33, 4 1–43; expansion of teams (1960s), 210; fame of Dominican Republic’s players, 6; Flood’s appeal to rights for players, 19; initial racial integration of, 124; and nationalism, 4; origins of, 24–31; a nd presidents, 2, 3, 40–41, 43; professionalization of, 29–31, 41–43; public subsidies for stadiums, 198–99, 209–10, 211, 2 12, 215–22; racial segregation in, 125; r ole of politics in, 18–1 9, 21–24, 31–41.See also individual ball clubs basketball, 2, 4, 11, 125–2 6, 211 Bavarian Winter Olympics (1936), 46, 63–64 Beecher, Henry Ward, 26 Belafonte, Harry, 140 Berbick, Trevor, 140 Beria, Laverentiy, 12 Berlin Olympics (1936): and antiSemitism , 62–63; boycott failure, 56–62; conduct of, 66–69; Nazi aggressions prior to, 64–65; Nazi preparation for, 47–49; overview, 44; propaganda value of, 44–47, 70–71; torch relay, 65–66; and U.S. boycott of Moscow Olympics, 156, 162, 165 Berlusconi, Silvio, 10–11 Biko, Steve, 183 Birchall, Frederick, 71 Bisher, Furman, 228 Black Muslims. See Nation of Islam Black Panther movement, 11 9–20 blacks, American, in Berlin Olympics, 68, 69. See also Ali, Muhammad; Owens, Jesse; race and racism Bolanos, Amelia, 111 Bonavena, Oscar, 137 Bond, Julian, 135 Bopanna, Rohan, 105 Borrow, George, 77 Botha, P. W., 184 boxing: commercialization of, 77–78, 79; Jack Johnson’s impact, 81–83; and politics, 11–12, 7 3–76, 99; and race, 73–79, 81–8 3, 125; T . Roosevelt’s participation in, 3. See also Ali, Muhammad; Louis, Joe; Schmeling, Max boycotts and bans for sporting events: Berlin Olympics boycott failure, 56–62; historical overview, 143–48; Ireland (1904), 54; Los Angeles Olympics, 171–73; Moscow Olympics, 142, 150–70; politics of, 58–59; South Africa as pariah during apartheid, 155, 18 4–85; Soviet Union’s early disapproval of Olympics, 146 Braddock, James J., 90 Bradley, Bill, 11 Brazil, and World Cup championships, 108 Brezhnev, Leonid, 152, 160 [3...