Hunting for “Dirtbags”: Why Cops Over-Police the Poor and Racial Minorities

Index

index 6 squads, 12, 24, 37–39, 45–46, 52, 56, 92 activity logs, 38, 47, 54, 59–60 arrests: drugs and, 69–75; indicators of, 102–11; influences of, 14–16; and policing style, 50–57; pressure to produce, 12, 14, 47; and proactive contacts, 90–93. See also hunting Bloomberg, Michael, 2, 144 broken windows, 8–9, 163n1 Bureau of Justice Statistics, 13, 29, 118, 119, 121, 122, 139, 165n6 burglary, 42, 74 calls for service: interactions during, 44–46; number of, 28; response to, 36–37, 49, 52–53, 56–65; types of, 1–2 cocaine, 105–7, 132 community builders: definition of, 50–57; factors that influence , 57–62 community policing: critiques of, 54–55; and female officers, 60– 62; origin of, 8–9; and serviceoriented policing, 153–57 community supervision, 64, 118–19, 166n2. See also probation ; parole COMPSTAT, 4, 10–13, 38, 146, 157 consent, 31, 162n12 crack-cocaine, 73–74. See also cocaine crime fighter image, 2, 8, 14, 51, 53, 59, 72, 81, 141, 156 criminal justice supervision, 13, 117–19, 130–31, 135 “dirtbags,” 5, 53–55, 65–75, 111, 126, 136 discretionary proactive policing: and arrests, 138–139; consequences of, 17–19; contacts, 13–15, 100–101; disparities created by, 107–11; implications of, 11–12; overview of, 1–6; problems with, 15–17, 145–47. See also hunting diversity, 23–24, 28–29. See also minority officers enforcement, 2–3, 8–9, 139, 142– 43, 163n1 Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 138–39, 162n16 field training officer (FTO), 57–58, 68, 81, 161n4 Fourth Amendment rights, 123–27 198 index gangs, 101, 110, 163n8, 164n14 gender, 57–62, 109, 159n1 heroin, 70, 74, 106 hot spot policing, 4, 10–13 hunters: definition of, 50–57; factors that influence, 57–62 hunting: and arrests, 6–7, 81, 83– 84, 116; consequences of, 139– 40; and drugs, 69–75; sites within districts, 87–90; and stolen cars, 75–77; supervisory disincentives to, 77–81; and where it occurs, 84–87. See also discretionary proactive policing institutional incentives, 3–4, 18, 37, 47, 50, 72 internal affairs investigations, 28–29, 36 job satisfaction, 154–55 job stress, 155–56 Kansas City Preventative Patrol Experiment, 151 lawsuits. See racial profiling lower class, 3, 44, 64, 84, 87, 136 marijuana, 67, 70, 74, 105–6, 138– 43, 147 methamphetamine, 72–74, 90, 105–6 middle class, 44, 66, 84–85, 102, 115, 127–28, 132 minority communities, 5, 12, 15, 27, 83–90, 94–95, 100–110, 137–46, 164n17 minority officers, 23, 29 new penology, 3, 117–21, 134, 137 New York Police Department: and stop-and-frisk, 17–18; and zero tolerance policing, 1–2, 141–44 officer productivity, 15–17, 31, 59–60 order maintenance policing: overview of, 1–2, 8–13; problems with, 140–47 organizational culture, 33 organizational structure, 3–4 parole: overview, 121–23; and recidivism, 129–33 performance evaluations, 54–55, 156 police administration, 6–18, 34– 39, 51–60, 90, 154–57 police brutality, 139–40 police-community relations, 12, 140, 151 police in movies, 154 police mobilizations, 4, 22–23, 39–46, 62, 149, 160n11, 160n13 policing style: definition of, 49– 50; and discretion, 50–57; factors that influence, 57–62; legalistic, 13–14, 81; typologies, 51, 161n3, 161n4 index 199 poor: communities, 3–6, 12–16, 44, 66–67, 83–84, 94–96, 103, 116, 137–38, 145–47; containment of the, 3, 132, 135. See also lower class possession of drugs, 4–5, 73, 92, 106–7, 122–23, 129, 132, 138, 146–48. See also cocaine; crackcocaine ; heroin; marijuana; methamphetamine proactive policing, 4–9; contacts, 90–93; officer views on, 62–65; police behavior in, 132–33; and probationers and parolees, 118– 24; successful models, 10–12; and where it occurs, 84–87. See also COMPSTAT; hot spot policing probation: overview of, 119–21; and recidivism, 129–33 problem-oriented policing, 12–13, 162n14, 166n6 promotion, 7, 54, 81 prostitution, 5, 16–17, 105–7 race: disparities and, 17–18, 107–9, 141–44; drug arrests and, 103– 10; issue of, 111–15; police mobilizations by, 45 racial profiling, 25–27, 67–68, 139– 46 160n7, 164n10, 164n15, 166n8. See also “Stonesville” racism, 15–18, 115. See also race; racial profiling reactive contacts, 23, 38–46, 56– 57, 92–95, 100–102, 136, 152 recidivism, 127, 129–33 rehabilitation, 3...