When Robots Kill: Artificial Intelligence under Criminal Law

Index

241 INDEX Note: Page numbers in italics refer to tables absolute defense model, 150 absolute responsibility model, 150 accessoryship, 29, 41, 69 accountability, 17–19 act, 39–41 actio libera in causa, 127, 141, 145, 148 animals, 7, 22–25 Asimov, 15–17, 141, 143 attention, 2, 50, 54 awareness: and AI systems, 125; cognition and volition, 31–33, 33, 131–136, 154; definition of, in criminal law, 49–56, 63–64, 66–67, 98–100; and mens rea, 45–48, 49, 98, 120–121; and negligence, 86–89, 89, 90–91, 94–95, 98, 101–102, 118; self-awareness, 8, 127–128; and will, 58, 71–72, 82. See also mens rea; negligence Babbage, 2 blindness, 52, 55–56. See also willful blindness bona fide, 137, 139 bureaucracy, 10 capital punishment, 142, 157, 162, 165–167, 169 characteristica universalis, 1 chess, 2, 4, 11, 59–60 chinese room, 6–7 circumstances: and duress, 147; and infancy, 126; and necessity, 147; and negligence, 85, 88–89, 89, 91–92, 102; and mental element requirement, 45–49, 49, 52, 55–56; optional component, 38; and perpetration-through-another, 72; and probable consequence liability, 79–80; and self-defense, 141, 144; and sentencing, 156, 163, 167, 175; and strict liability, 105, 108, 109; structure of factual element requirement , 30–32, 31, 42–43; and substantive immunity, 139 cognition, 31–33, 33, 45–48, 49, 51, 54, 61, 88, 136 combat decisions, 4 combinatorial explosion, 10 commonsense, 3 communication, 7, 9, 24 community service, 171 complicity, 29, 68–69, 71, 78, 99 conduct: and AI entity liability, 65; and general defenses, 121, 129, 147; goal driven, 8–9; and mental element requirement, 38–49, 49, 55–60, 63; and negligence, 85–89, 89, 92–93; and perpetrationthrough -another, 69, 72–73, 114; and probable consequence liability, 76; and sentencing, 169; and strict liability, 105–108, 109, 118; structure of factual element requirement, 26–32, 31 INDEX . 242 corporations: and general criminal liability , 21–22, 34–36; and general defenses , 124–126, 142–144, 153, 155; and intentional offenses, 66–69; and negligence, 96–97, 99; and sentencing , 162–165, 167, 170–175; and strict liability, 112, 114 creativity, 7, 9, 20 de minimis, 123, 152–154 death penalty. See capital punishment Deep Blue, 11 deontological morality, 18 Descartes, 1 deterrence, 76, 81, 157–159, 161, 166–168, 170, 172, 174 discipline, 150, 167 dreaming, 134 drone, 4, 104, 143, 151–152 duress, 120, 123, 140, 147–149, 155 dynamic modification, 10 evil, 25–26, 33, 44, 56, 64–65, 68; and necessity, 145–147; and negligence, 96 exemptions, 122–123 ex officio, 138 expert systems, 3–4, 8, 11, 13, 84, 93. See also general problem solver external knowledge, 7–9, 24 eye for an eye, 157 factory robots, 13 factual element requirement (of criminal liability), 8, 29–32, 35; and general defenses, 118, 127, 136; and intentional offenses, 38–39, 41–46, 48, 57, 65, 72–73, 82; and negligence offenses, 85–90, 101; and strict liability offenses, 105–111 factual mistake, 72, 121, 123, 133, 135–137, 154 factual reality, 8, 10, 31–32, 45, 47; in general defenses, 120, 129, 131, 133–136, 154; and sentencing 160 fine, 26, 106, 158, 162–163, 165, 173–175 foreseeability, 58–64, 79, 100–101, 117 formal logic, 6, 8, 29 general intent, 32, 44, 57 generalization, 10–11, 84, 92, 100 general problem solver, 2, 6 good faith. See bona fide heuristics, 3 Hobbes, 1 Hollywood, 15 homicide, 25, 32; and general defenses, 121, 131, 147, 154; intentional, 38, 42–44, 48, 75–76, 78–80, 82–83; negligent, 86, 94, 96, 98, 100–103; and sentencing, 166; strict liability, 117–119 humanoid, 14, 25 human-robot coexistence, 14–15, 17, 22 imminent danger, 141–142, 145, 148 imprisonment, 26, 142, 156, 162–165, 167–169, 171, 173, 175–176 inaction, 16–17, 28, 39–41, 87 incapacitation, 23, 157, 161–162, 166–172, 176 incarceration, 162, 164, 167, 169. See also imprisonment indexing, 10 indifference, 47–49, 56, 58, 61–63 infancy, 28, 123–126 in personam, 122–123 in rem, 122, 140, 153 insanity, 28, 31, 65, 72, 121, 123, 126; as general defense, 128–130, 154–155 internal knowledge, 7–9 intoxication, 72, 123, 126, 130–133, 154–155 irresistible impulse, 129, 132 INDEX . 243 just deserts, 157–158, 160. See also retribution justifications, 96, 112, 122...