Women and Sports in the United States: A Documentary Reader

Contents

CONTENTS Acknowledgments ix Introduction xi Timeline: 125 Years of U.S. Women in Sports xxiii Compiled by Susan K. Cahn and Jean O’Reilly Part I Pioneering Women in Sport Olympic Women: A Struggle for Recognition 3 jennifer hargreaves How I Learned to Ride the Bicycle 15 frances e. willard The World-Beating Viking Girl of Texas 17 no author attribution Playing Nice: Politics and Apologies in Women’s Sports 23 mary jo festle Pioneers 33 j. e. vader Riggs Butchered by Ms. King as Promoters Score a Million 41 charles maher “Mia” Culpa: The All–Too Quiet Retirement of Mia Hamm 46 david zirin Part II Negotiating Masculinity and Femininity: The Female Athlete as Oxymoron The Significance of Basket Ball for Women 53 senda berenson Are Athletics Making Girls Masculine?: A Practical Answer to a Question Every Girl Asks 56 dudley a. sargent, m.d. All-American Girls Professional Baseball League Rules of Conduct, 1943–1954 59 the all-american girls professional baseball league Psychosocial Impacts of Athletic Participation on American Women: Facts and Fables 61 don sabo Throwing Like a Girl 75 james fallows Living the Paradox: Female Athletes Negotiate Femininity and Muscularity 81 vikki krane, precilla y. l. choi, shannon m. baird, christine m. aimar, and kerrie j. kauer Part III Competing Bodies: Physiological, Biological, and Psychological Issues Chromosome Count 103 alison carlson Closing the Muscle Gap 110 ann crittenden Understanding the Female Athlete Triad 114 irene mccormick Women and ACL Injuries: Taking the Bad News with the Good 125 maureen madden, pt, cscs Catastrophic Injuries in Female Athletes: Cheerleading Leads the List 129 robert c. cantu, m.d., and frederick o. mueller, ph.d. Women, Disability, and Sport and Physical Fitness Activity: The Intersection of Gender and Disability Dynamics 131 elaine m. blinde and sarah g. mccallister Anabolic Steroids: The Gremlins of Sport 138 terry todd Eating Disorders and Gymnastics 142 ana cintado The Silence of Great Distance: Women Running Long 148 frank murphy Coming Home 152 joli sandoz Stronger Women 159 mariah burton nelson vi Contents Contents vii Part IV Building Inequality into Sport: Institutionalized Bias Structural Constraints Facing Women in Sport 167 nancy theberge and susan birrell Half-Court Basketball: Power and Sex 177 heather ross miller “I Can See the Finish Line” 184 mark starr Courting Destiny 186 raquel cepeda The Cold Wars: Inside the Secret World of Figure Skating 192 joan ryan Rooting for Michelle: Finding Contradictions at the Winter Olympics 198 bill wong Breaking Cultural Traditions: Culture, Family Play Role in Sports for Latina Girls 201 maryjo sylwester On the Rez 205 ian frazier Part V Sexuality and Sport Changing the Game: Homophobia, Sexism, and Lesbians in Sport 217 pat griffin Homophobia Alleged in University of Florida Softball 235 jim buzinski Less Ugly 242 lesléa newman Sex, Lies, and Volleyball 246 cynthia hanson In the Buff: Female Athletes Take It All Off 258 penny hastings A New Image Exposed 260 tom maloney Part VI The Feminine Image in Sports and Sports Media Separating the Men from the Girls: The Gendered Language of Televised Sports 265 michael messner, margaret carlisle duncan, and kerry jensen Sport and Society Broadcast for Friday, August 16, 1996 281 richard c. crepeau The Women’s Sports Film as the New Melodrama 283 jean o’reilly It’s Time to Tell the Bloody Truth 298 lorie conway Bloodsport: Woman’s First Pro Fight Is Her Last 302 joe posnanski Offensive Interference 308 sherry ricchiardi Part VII Law and Equity: Title IX and Its Aftermath Title IX, Education Amendments of 1972: Title 20 U.S.C. Sections 1681–1688 321 u.s. department of labor Title IX Media Helper 327 women’s sports foundation Brown University Agrees to Guarantee Participation Rates for Women Athletes and Funding for Contested Women’s Teams 335 trial lawyers for public justice Title IX at 30: Report Card on Gender Equity—Athletics, C+ 337 the national coalition for women and girls in education A Train Wreck Called Title IX 346 george f. will In the Spirit of Title IX 348 emily badger Title IX—The Good News, the Bad News 353 california women’s law center Index 357 viii Contents ...